Schoenwald Renal Part Two

Question 1

Painless hematuria in a smoker is __________ until proven otherwise

Answer 1

bladder cancer

Question 2

Most forms of asymptomatic hematuria caused by glomerular disease are due to __________ ___________ abnormalities

Answer 2

basement membrane abonrmalities

Question 3

The most common cause of asymptomatic hematuria is ______ nephropathy caused by immune complex formation

Answer 3

IgA

Question 4

What are the four most common causes of asymptomatic hematuria?

Answer 4

1. IgA nephropathy
2. Henoch-Schoenlein purpura
3. Alport syndrome
4. Thin basement membrane disease

Question 5

This is the mc primary cause of glomerulonephritis and a defect in the production and clearance of IgA

Answer 5

IgA nephropathy

Question 6

IgA nephropathy is associated with ________ disease and _________

Answer 6

Celiac and henoch-schonlein purpura

Question 7

Light microscopy of this disease shows focal segmental glomerulosclerosis of crescent cells

Answer 7

IgA nephropathy

Question 8

IgA mediated vasculitis mc in children 3-8 years old, and often following a strep or viral infection

Answer 8

Henoch Schonlein Purpura

Question 9

Symptoms of this disease include GI bleeding, abd pain and arthralgias

Answer 9

Henoch Schonlein Purpura

Question 10

Classic palpable purpura on legs and buttocks

Answer 10

Henoch Schonlein Purpura

Question 11

What are the characteristics of palpable purpura? Does it blanch?

Answer 11

It does not blanch and it is a rash that is bigger than petichae and feels nodular

Question 12

What are four types of tubulointerstitial diseases (involving the renal tubules and interstitum)?

Answer 12

1. Acute tubulointerstitial disease
2. Acute interstitial nephritis
3. Chronic tubulointerstitial disease
4. Chronic interstitial nephritis

Question 13

This is a type of acute renal failure over a period of days to weeks causing hematuria and is most commonly caused by an infection from a drug reaction

Answer 13

Acute tubulointerstitial disease

Question 14

Drug reaction, fever, eosinophilia and elevated IgE

Answer 14

Acute tubulointerstitial disease

Question 15

Microscopic findings of this disease include edema of cells, neutrophils, and focal necrotizing infiltrates

Answer 15

Acute tubulointerstitial disease

Question 16

What are some medications that can cause Acute tubulointerstitial disease?

Answer 16

PRSC

PCNs, Rifampin, Sulfonamides, cipro

Question 17

This disease refers to noninfectious cause of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and usually caused by penicillins and sulfonamides

Answer 17

AIN

Question 18

Microscopic findings of this disease include interstitial lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and sometimes giant cells and granulomas

Answer 18

AIN

Question 19

This disease is characterized by renal insufficiency, hypertension, anemia and non-nephritic proteinuria occurring over years and often due to analgesic nephropathy over years (long-term NSAID use)

Answer 19

Chronic tubulointerstitial disease

Question 20

Microscopy of this disease shows cellular infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and macrophages with interstitial fibrosis present

Answer 20

Chronic tubulointerstitial disease

*scarring/fibrosis indicates chronic

Question 21

This is the most common cause of AKI

Answer 21

ATN

Question 22

This disease is characterized by a rapid onset of necrosis of tubular epithelium with subsequent loss of renal function where tubular injury and decreased GFR leads to acute tubular necrosis

Answer 22

ATN

Question 23

Protein casts in urine (Tamm Horsfall protein)

Answer 23

ATN

Question 24

Aminoglycosides and IV contrast are very toxic to the kidneys and can cause what disease?

Answer 24

ATN

**aminoglycosides -> gentamycin, tobramycin

Question 25

Is this initiating, maintenance or recovery in the ATN stage? Event that causes, no change in renal output

Answer 25

initiating

Question 26

Is this initiating, maintenance or recovery in the ATN stage? Oliguria, renal flow slows to <400 mls of urine, starts within 24 hrs of initiating event

Answer 26

maintenance

Question 27

Is this initiating, maintenance or recovery in the ATN stage? Increased urine output, up to 3 L, electrolyte disturbances at this time leads to increased risk of death

Answer 27

recovery

Question 28

This renal pathology is when microvascular changes in the capillaires of the kidneys result in accelerated degeneration and turnover of connective tissue

Answer 28

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 29

Is diabetic nephropathy nephritic or nephrotic?

Answer 29

nephrotic

Question 30

Diabetic nephropathy also causes _________ changes at the afferent and efferent arterioles

Answer 30

arteriosclerotic

Question 31

Clinical presentation of this disease is dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency, suprapubic discomfort

Answer 31

cystitis

Question 32

What labs are + on UA for cystitis?

Answer 32

Leukocyte esterase and nitrates positive on UA

Question 33

White cell casts

Answer 33

acute pyelonephritis

Question 34

inlammation of kidney due to ascending infection or hematogenous spread

Answer 34

acute pyelonephritis

Question 35

Common bacteria in acute pyelonephritis?

Answer 35

E. coli, proteus, enterobacter

Question 36

These are symptoms of what?

Answer 36

Acute onset of fever, chills, rigors, back pain with CVA tenderness

Question 37

What is emphysematous pyelonephritis?

Answer 37

A complication of acute pyelonephritis in diabetics where there is gas production in the renal parenchyma due to E. coli

Question 38

Sickle cell patients are at risk for _________ _______

Answer 38

papillary necrosis

Question 39

What is the most common composition of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)?

Answer 39

calcium oxalate

Question 40

This is a radiolucent stone associated with leukemia and lymphoma due to rapid cell turnover

Answer 40

uric acid stones

Question 41

This type of stone is associated with proteus, providenica and pseudomonas infection

Answer 41

struvite (staghorn calculi)

Question 42

These are fluid filled cysts in the cortex of the kidney that are benign?

Answer 42

simple cysts

Question 43

This type of cyst can cause HTN and is associated with berry aneurysms- source of SAH?

Answer 43

polycystic kidney disease

Question 44

What is the most common renal neoplasm in adults and kids?

Answer 44

Adults- renal cell carcinoma | Kids- Wilms tumor

Question 45

Clear cell renal carcinoma is a common subtype of what type of cancer?

Answer 45

renal cell carcinoma

Question 46

This type of cancer has a propensity to invade the renal vein and mestasize to the heart

Answer 46

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 47

Renal cell carcinomas produce ______ and result in this disease

Answer 47

EPO, polycythemia vera

Question 48

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 48

polycythemia, hypercalcemia, HTN

Question 49

Triad of hematuria, flank pain, palpable mass

Answer 49

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 50

These are small outpouchings or envaginations of the bladder wall caused by bladder outlet obstruction

Answer 50

bladder diverticuli

Question 51

This is an impairment of bladder function as a result of carious conditions and can cause increased risk of UTIs

Answer 51

neurogenic bladder

Question 52

_____ is a major cause of neurogenic bladder

Answer 52

MS

Question 53

What type of cancer is bladder cancer?

Answer 53

Transitional cell

Question 54

__________ is linked with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

Answer 54

Urinary Schistosomiasis | parasite that can migrate into the bladder when you're swimming