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Pathophys II - Exam 3 > Schoenwald - Renal and Bladder 2 > Flashcards

Schoenwald - Renal and Bladder 2 Flashcards

1
Q

painless hematuria

A

bladder ca

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2
Q

most cases of asymptomatic hematuria are caused by __

dt __ abnormalities

A

glomerular dz

basement membrane

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3
Q

mc cause of asymptomatic hematuria

A

IgA nephropathy → immune complex formation

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4
Q

3 other common causes of asymptomatic hematuria

A

henoch-schonlein purpura

alport-syndrome

thin basement membrane dz

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5
Q

mc primary cause of GN

15-35 yo

defect in production and clearance of IgA

A

IgA nephropathy

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6
Q

IgA nephropathy is associated w. what 2 conditions

A

celiac

henoch schonlein purpura

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7
Q

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis of crescentic GN

A

light microscopy findings of IgA nephropathy

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8
Q

granular pattern w. IgA and complement

A

immunofluorescence findings of IgA nephropathy

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9
Q

IgA mediated vasculitis

3-8 yo

recent strep/viral infxn

A

henoch schonlein purpura

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10
Q

sx of henoch schonlein purpura (3)

A

GI bleeding

abdominal pain

arthralgias

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11
Q

classic rash of henoch schonlein purpura

A

palpable purpura on legs and buttocks

non blanchable

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12
Q

4 categories of tubulointerstitial dz

A

acute tubulointerstitial dz

acute interstitial nephritis

chronic tubulointerstitial dz

acute tubular necrosis

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13
Q

acute renal failure over days to weeks

hematuria

A

acute tubulointerstitial dz

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14
Q

if d.t drug rxn, acute tubulointerstitial dz sx include (4)

A

rash

fever

eosinophilia

elevated IgE

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15
Q

microscopic findings of acute interstitial dz (3)

A

edema of cells

neutrophils

focal necrotizing infiltrates

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16
Q

causes of acute tubulointerstitial dz (4)

A

drugs

systemic infxns

primary renal infxns

immune d.o

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17
Q

what drugs are associated w. acute tubulointerstitial dz (4)

A

penicillins

rifampin

sufonamides

ciprofloxacin

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18
Q

systemic infxns associated w. acute tubulointerstitial dz (4)

A

legionnaire dz

strep infxn

CMV

mono

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19
Q

primary renal infxn associated w. acute tubulointerstitial dz

A

acute bacterial pyelonephritis

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20
Q

immune d.o associated w. acute tubulointerstitial dz (2)

A

SLE

sjorgen’s

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21
Q

non infectious cause of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis

A

acute interstitial nephritis

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22
Q

AIN is mc caused by

A

drugs → penicillins, sulfonamides

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23
Q

interstitial lymphocytes and macrophages/eosinophils, +/- giant cells and granulomas

A

microscopy findings of AIN

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24
Q

sx of AIN (5)

A

hematuria

ARF

rash

eosinophilia

proteinuria

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25
Q

renal insufficiency, anemia, htn, non-nephrotic proteinuria occurring over years

A

chronic tubulointerstitial dz

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26
Q

common cause of AIN

A

analgesic nephropathy (NSAIDs)

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27
Q

cellular infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and macrophages

interstitial fibrosis

A

chronic tubulointerstitial dz microscopy findings

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28
Q

causes of chronic tubulointerstitial dz (6)

A

urinary tract obstruction

chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy

drugs

vascular dz

heavy metals

malignancies

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29
Q

drugs associated w. chronic tubulointerstitial dz (3)

A

NSAIDs

cisplatin

cyclosporine

30
Q

lead, cadmium

A

chronic tubulointerstitial dz

31
Q

malignancy associated w. chronic tubulointerstitial dz

A

MM

32
Q

rapid onset of necrosis of tubular epithelium w. subsequent loss of acute loss of renal fxn

A

acute tubular necrosis

33
Q

mc cause of ARF

A

ATN

34
Q

protein casts in urine - Tamm Horsfall protein

A

ATN

35
Q

causes of ATN (2)

A

ischemia/blood loss/sepsis

drugs

36
Q

what drugs are associated w. ATN (6)

A

AG

IV contrast

mercury

ethylene

glycol poisoning

hyperuricemia

37
Q

stages of ATN

A

initiating

maintenance

recovery

38
Q

maintenance stage of ATN starts w.in hr of initiating event

and is characterized by __ (2)

A

w.in 24 hr of initiating event →

oliguria

renal flow slows to < 400 mls of urine

39
Q

recovery stage of ATN (2)

A

increased urine output → up to 3L

lyte disturbances → increased mortality

40
Q

sx of diabetic nephropathy (3)

A

microvascular changes → accelerated degeneration

nephritic syndrome

arteriosclerotic changes → ischemia

41
Q

sx of cystitis (4)

A

dysuria

frequency/urgency

suprapubic discomfort

(+) leukocyte esterase and nitrates

42
Q

inflammation of kidney dt infxn

A

acute pyelonephritis

43
Q

2 causes of acute pyelonephritis (2)

A

ascending infxn

hematogenous spread

44
Q

mc pathogens associated w. acute pyelonephritis (3)

A

e.coli

proteus

enterobacter

45
Q

sx of acute pyelonephritis

A

acute onset

f/c

rigors

back pain w. CVA tenderness

white cell casts

46
Q

rf for acute pyelonephritis (3)

A

obstruction

vesicoureteral reflux

DM

lesions, trauma, pregnancy, intercourse

47
Q

complications of acute pyelonephritis (2)

A

emphysematous pyelonephritis

papillary necrosis

48
Q

what type of pyelonephritis is caused by e.coli, is common in diabetics, and leads to gas production

A

emphysematous

49
Q

what type of pyelonephritis is caused by ischemia, infxn, and obstruction

A

papillary

50
Q

pt pop at risk for papillary acute pyelonephritis

A

ssa

51
Q

mc type of kidney stone

A

calcium oxalate

52
Q

only radiolucent stone, associated w. leukemia and lymphoma

A

uric acid stone

53
Q

staghorn calculi; associated w. proteus, providencia, pseudomonas

A

struvite stone

54
Q

fluid filled benign cysts in cortex

A

simple cysts

55
Q

hereditary dz; often manifests during adulthood; htn, chronic uti; complication is berry aneurysms and SAH

A

polycystic kidney dz

56
Q

2 mc types of renal neoplasm

A

renal cell carcinoma

Wilms tumor → kids

57
Q

3 rf for renal cell carcinoma

A

smoking

cadmium → gold mines

chronic dialysis

58
Q

mc histiologic subtype of renal cell carcinoma

A

clear cell

59
Q

renal cell carcinoma commonly invades the __

and metastasizes to the __

A

renal vein

heart

60
Q

renal cell carcinomas can produce __,

resulting in polycythemia

A

erythropoietin

61
Q

triad of renal cell carcinoma

A

hematuria

flank pain

palpable mass (10% of pt)

62
Q

polycythemia

hypercalcemia

htn

A

renal cell carcinoma → paraneoplastic syndrome

63
Q

benign small outpouchings/evaginations of bladder wall caused by bladder outlet obstruction

A

bladder diverticula

64
Q

bladder diverticula are a rf for

A

bladder stones

65
Q

impairment of bladder fxn as a result of various conditions → increased risk of chronic infxn

A

neurogenic bladder

66
Q

major cause of neurogenic bladder

A

MS

67
Q

innervation of the bladder

A
68
Q

transitional cell carcinoma is same-same

A

bladder ca

69
Q

3 rf for transitional cell carcinoma

A

smoking

NSAIDs

chronic cystitis

70
Q

what type of transitional cell carcinoma can be removed w.o removing whole bladder

A

papillary

71
Q

schistosomiasis (S hematobium) is linked w.

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

Pathophys II - Exam 3 (8 decks)

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