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Pathophys II - Exam 3 > Mace - Digestion > Flashcards

Mace - Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

fxn’s of GI tract (6)

A

ingestion

motility

secretion

digestion

absorption

elimination

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2
Q

mechanical ingestion breaks __ bonds

A

H

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3
Q

chemical digestion breaks __ bonds

A

covalent

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4
Q

GI organs (7)

A

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

SI

LI

anus

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5
Q

accessory digestive organs (5)

A

teeth

tongue

salivary glands

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

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6
Q

the pancreas and liver are referred to as accessory glands bc

A

food does not pass thru them

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7
Q

layers of the GI tract - deep to superficial

A

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis externa

serosa or adventitia

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8
Q

the mucosa consists of the (3)

A

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosa

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9
Q

the submucosa consists of (4)

A

connective tissue

blood vessels

lymphatic vessels

nerves

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10
Q

2 layers of the muscularis externa

A

inner circular m

outer long m

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11
Q

serosa/adventitia

A

visceral peritoneum in abd cavity → serous membrane

thorax

around rectum/anus

retroperitoneal parts in abd

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12
Q

other defined structures of GIT (2)

A

enteric NS

mesenteries

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13
Q

the serosa is continuous w. the

A

mesentery

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14
Q

what passes through the mesentery

A

vein

artery

lymph vessel

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15
Q

the enteric ns consists of (2)

A

submucosal n plexus

myenteric n plexus

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16
Q

the enteric ns can fxn __

A

independent of CNS

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17
Q

layering formed by parietal and/or visceral peritoneum

A

mesenteries

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18
Q

mesenteries of GIT (4)

A

greater omentum

mesentery proper

lesser omentum

mesocolon

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19
Q

histology of GIT wall

A
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20
Q

how are the contents of the GI tract “mixed”

A

segmentation of muscularis

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21
Q

extrinsic salivary glands are sensitive to (3)

A

touch

smell

taste

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22
Q

extrinsic salivary glands are innervated by

A

SNS

PSNS

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23
Q

3 extrinsic salivary glands of the GIT

A

parotid

sublingual

submandibular

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24
Q

parotid gland secretes __%

A

25

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25
Q

submandibular gland secretes __%

A

65

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26
Q

intrinsic salivary glands are __ cells

in the __ lining of the mouth

that secrete at a __ rate

A

single

mucosal

constant

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27
Q

intrinsic salivary glands (3)

A

lingual

labial

buccal

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28
Q

gland anterior to and somewhat inferior to the ears - between the skin of the cheeks and the masseter m

A

parotid

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29
Q

gland in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the mandible

A

submandibular

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30
Q

gland in the floor of the mouth inferior to the tongue

A

sublingual

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31
Q

clear, watery serous fluid rich in salivary amylase

A

secretion of parotid gland

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32
Q

some serous fluid w. some mucus; more viscous than parotid secretion

A

secretion of submandibular gland

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33
Q

primarily thick, stringy mucus

A

secretion of sublingual glands

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34
Q

which gland is made up of many separate ducts

A

sublingual glands

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35
Q

which salivary gland ducts open inferior to the tongue near the frenulum

A

submandibular gland ducts

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36
Q

which salivary gland ducts pass thru the buccinator m and enter the mouth opposite the second molars

A

parotid gland ducts

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37
Q

deglutition is same-same

A

swallowing

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38
Q

3 phases of deglutition

A
  1. voluntary
  2. pharyngeal
  3. esophageal
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39
Q

voluntary phase of deglutition is same-same

A

buccal phase

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40
Q

bolus of food is pushed by the tongue against hard palate → then moves toward the oropharynx

A

voluntary/buccal phase of deglutition

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41
Q

soft palate and uvula elevate and close nasopharynx → bolus moves into oropharynx

A

pharyngeal phase

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42
Q

in the pharyngeal phase, what structures close off the nasopharynx (2)

A

soft palate

uvula

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43
Q

in the pharyngeal phase of deglutition, the __ elevates

so that the __ closes over the laryngeal opening

A

larynx

epiglottis

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44
Q

soft palate, uvula, and epiglottis return to preswallowing position

superior esophageal sphincter closes

inferior esophageal sphincter opens

A

esophageal phase of deglutition

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45
Q

storage capacity of stomach: __

stomach contents exit in __ ml portions

A

4L

3 mL

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46
Q

the lesser curve of the stomach connects to the

the greater curve of the stomach connects to the

A

lesser omentum

greater omentum

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47
Q

3 layers of the stomach

A

longitudinal

circular

oblique

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48
Q

the myenteric n plexus is between the __

and __ muscle layers of intestine

in the __ layer

A

longitudinal and inner

muscularis externa

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49
Q

the submucosal n plexus is located in the ___ layer

A

submucosal

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50
Q

where does the stomach wall switch from simple columnar to simple cuboidal

A

lamina propria of mucosal layer

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51
Q

gastric pit and gastric gland

A
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52
Q

which gastric cell secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin

A

surface mucous cell

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53
Q

fxn of mucin

A

protects stomach wall

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54
Q

gastric cell that secretes acidic fluid containing mucin

A

mucous neck cell

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55
Q

gastric cell that secretes intrinsic factor and HCl

A

parietal cell

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56
Q

gastric cell that secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

A

chief cell

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57
Q

gastric cell that secretes gastrin into the blood

A

G-cell

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58
Q

the mucous membrane of the stomach secretes __ juice

from __ gastric glands

A

gastric

tubular

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59
Q

how is pepsin formed

A

from pepsinogen in the presence of HCl

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60
Q

fxn of pepsin

A

protein splitting enzyme

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61
Q

why is gastric lipase a weak enzyme

A

low pH

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62
Q

what is needed for B12 absorption

A

intrinsic factor

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63
Q

how is the stomach regulated

A

pacemaker cells

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64
Q

3 phases of stomach regulation

A

cephalic

gastric

intestinal

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65
Q

which phase of gastric fxn involves see, taste, smell, thought

A

cephalic

66
Q

duration of cephalic phase

A

a few min

67
Q

nerve pathway of cephalic phase of stomach regulation

A

hypothalamus → medulla → vagus n stimulation → submucosal and myenteric plexus → activates exocrine glands/increases motility

68
Q

gastric and intestinal phase duration

A

hours

69
Q

bolus enters stomach → baroreceptors and chemoreceptors induce NS → increased force of contraction and release of of secretions

A

gastric phase

70
Q

what induces gastrin release

A

presence of protein in stomach

71
Q

chyme enters SI → intestinal reflex opposes cephalic and gastric reflex via M.O

A

intestinal phase

72
Q

hormones involved in intestinal phase of gastric fxn (3)

A

CCK

secretin

GIP

73
Q

presence of chyme stimulates

A

CCK

secretin

74
Q

in the intestinal phase, nerves signals to medulla __

which __ force of contractions and secretions

A

decrease

reduces

75
Q

in the intestinal phase, CCK reduces

and secretin reduces

A

force of contractions

secretions

76
Q

pepsinogen is produced by __

and activated by __

A

chief cells

HCl (secreted by parietal)

77
Q

the mucosa of the small intestine is arranged into

A

circular folds

78
Q

circular folds are made of (2)

A

villi

microvilli

79
Q

circular folds are same-same

A

plicae

80
Q

the epithelium of intestinal villus is made of __ cells (2)

A

goblet

simple columnar epithelial cells w. microvilli

81
Q

location of capillary network, lymphatic nodules, and lacteals of intestines

A

mucosa

82
Q

lymph vessel, venule, and arterioles of intestines are located in the

A

submucosa

83
Q

fxn of simple columnar epithelial cell w. microvili

A

absorbs nutrients

84
Q

fxn of goblet cell

A

produces mucin

85
Q

fxn of unicellular gland cell of intestines

A

syntheizes enteropeptidases

86
Q

fxn of enteroendocrine cell of intestines

A

secretes hormones

87
Q

specialized mucous-secreting glands of the SI that secrete a thick alkaline mucus in response to certain stimuli

A

brunner’s glands

88
Q

enzymes in the membranes of microvilli (5)

A

peptidase

sucrase, maltase, lactase

lipase

89
Q

hormones secreted by the SI (5)

A

enterokinase

somatostatin

cholecystokinin (CCK)

secretin

90
Q

fxn of enterokinase

A

converts trypsinogen to trypsin

91
Q

fxn of somatostatin

A

inhibits acid secretion by stomach

92
Q

what 2 hormones are involved in regulation of secretion of the liver/gallbladder/pancreas

A

cck

secretin

93
Q

cck and secretin both secrete

A

enteroendocrine cells

94
Q

cck is stimulated by (2)

A

fat in duodenum

presence of proteins/aa

95
Q

secretin is stimulated by

A

chyme enters duodenum → lowers pH in duodenum

96
Q

fxn’s of cck (4)

A

inhibits stomach activity

gallbladder releases bile

pancreatic acini release digestive enzymes

hepato-pancreatic sphincter opens

97
Q

fxn’s of secretin (3)

A

inhibits stomach ac

98
Q

pathway of bile

A

r/l hepatic ducts → common hepatic duct → bile duct → pancreatic duct → duodenal papilla

99
Q

fold of the peritoneum that connects the liver to the diaphragm

A

falciform

100
Q

the falciform continues inferiorly to form the __ ligament,

which originates from the __

A

round

umbilical vein

101
Q

digestive fxn’s of liver (3)

A

fat emulsification (bile)

absorption of lipids

hydrophobic waste excretion

102
Q

3 general fxn’s of liver

A

metabolism

storage

synthesis

detox

103
Q

what does the liver synthesize (2)

A

blood pro

cholesterol

104
Q

deoxygenated nutrient rich blood from the digestive organs enters the __

and mixes with oxygenated blood from the __

in the __

A

hepatic portal vein

aorta

sinusoid

105
Q

after mixing in the sinusoid, nutrient rich blood enters the __

and then travels to the __

A

hepatic veins

inferior vena cava

106
Q

left and right hepatic ducts merge to form

A

common hepatic duct

107
Q

common hepatic and cystic ducts merge to form a

A

common bile duct

108
Q

the main pancreatic duct merges with the common bile duct at the __

which extends into the __

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

109
Q

bile and pancreatic juices enter the duodenum at the ___

A

major duodenal papilla

110
Q

layers of the gallbladder (4)

A

tunica

mucosa

muscularis

serosa

111
Q

bile pathway from the gallbladder

A

bile canaliculi → bile ductules → hepatic ducts (r/l) → common hepatic duct → small intestine via hepatopancreatic sphincter

112
Q

if not used, bile backs up via the __

into the __

A

bile duct

cystic duct

113
Q

fxn of the gallbladder (2)

A

storage

concentration

114
Q

98% of pancreatic tissue is made of __

which has __ fxn

and secretes

__

A

acini

exocrine

digestive enzymes

115
Q

2% of the pancreas is made of __

which has __ function

and secretes __

A

islet cells

endocrine

hormones: insulin, glucagon

116
Q

what digestive enzymes do the acinar cells of the pancreas secrete (4)

A

amylase

lipase

protease

nuclease

117
Q

alpha cells of the pancreas secrete ___

beta cells secrete __

A

alpha: glucagon
beta: insulin

118
Q

steps in regulation of pancreatic secretion

A
  1. acidic chyme enters duodenum
  2. intestinal mucosa release secretin into bloodstream
  3. secretin stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions
  4. pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions passes down pancreatic ducts into duodenum
119
Q

what hormones help regulate the release of pancreatic juice

A

secretin

cck

120
Q

which hormone stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic juice high in bicarbonate ions

A

secretin

121
Q

what hormone stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic juice high in enzymes

A

cck

122
Q

why are several digestive enzymes secreted as zymogens

A

so that they only act in the lumen of the alimentary canal

123
Q

what are zymogens

A

inactive substances converted to enzymes when activated by other enzymes

124
Q

what is the site of contact digestion

A

brush border of SI

125
Q

which of the following enzymes fxn at the lowest pH

a. salivary amylase
b. pancreatic amylase
c. pepsin
d. trypsin
e. dipeptidase

A

pepsin

126
Q

fxn of large intestine (3)

A

absorption

compaction

storage

127
Q

what does LI absorb

A

water

lytes

B vitamins

vitamin K

128
Q

how does histology of LI differ from SI (4)

A

no plicae or villi

high # of goblet cells

high # of glands and lymph nodes

teniae coli

129
Q

motility of LI involves (2)

A

haustral contraction

mass movement

130
Q

haustral contraction produces __ waves daily

and is based on __

and __ reflexes

A

3-4

gastrocolic and duodenal colic

131
Q

tunics are same-same

A

histologic layers:

mucosa

submucosa

muscular layer

serous layer/serosa

132
Q

what induces the defecation reflex

A

stretch in the rectum

133
Q

where do hemorrhoids occur

A

rectal veins

134
Q

steps in elimination

A
  1. rectum content stimulates baroreceptors in rectum wall
  2. sensory input initiated baroreceptors in rectum is relayed to spinal cord
  3. motor output in parasympathetic axons is altered causing →
  4. increased motor output to smooth m, rectum contraction (squeezes contents), decreased motor output (sphincter relaxation)
  5. external anal sphincter relaxes → valsalva eliminates feces
135
Q

conscious decision to defecate is controlled by

A

cerebral cortex

136
Q

how do CHO enter hepatic portal system

A

via epithelial lining to blood capillaries in villi

137
Q

CHO are stored as

A

glycogen

TG

138
Q

enzymes involved in last step of disaccharides

A

brush border enzymes

139
Q

brush border enzymes ___ (3)

break oligosaccharides in to __

A

dexstrinase

glucoamylase

maltase

glucose molecules

140
Q

proteins involved in protein digestion (4)

A

carboxypeptidase

trypsin

chymotrypsin

aminopeptidase

141
Q

enzymes involved in protein digestion work on __ bonds

A

peptide

142
Q

what activates trypsinogen into trypsin;

trypsin activates __

A

enteropeptidases

other proteolytic enzymes

143
Q

pancreatic proteolytic enzymes break proteins into (2)

A

peptides

aa

144
Q

brush border enzymes break peptides into __,

which are absorbed thru __ into the blood

A

single aa

epithelia

145
Q

bile emulsify lipid droplets into

A

micelles

146
Q

pancreatic lipase breaks TG into

A

monoglycerides

FFA

147
Q

MG and FFA are absorbed thru __

where they are packaged into __,

and bile is __

A

epithelia

chylomicrons

reabsorbed/recycled

148
Q

monosaccharides (3)

A

glucose

fructose

galactose

149
Q

non CHO components of CHO

A

glycerol

aa

150
Q

non CHO components of CHO are converted into

A

glucose

151
Q

protein digestive fxn’s of liver (3)

A

deamination: conversion of NH2 → urea
transamination: aa converted from one form to another

form proteins from aa (including plasma proteins)

152
Q

steps in lipid digestive by liver

A
  1. lipogenesis: FA + glycerol → TG
  2. lipolysis: FA released from TG
  3. break down FA using acetyl CoA (beta oxidation)
  4. acetyl CoA changed to ketone bodies → released into blood → transported to other cells → oxidized in respiratory pathways
153
Q

acetyl CoA is changed to ketone bodies or

A

used in cholesterol synthesis

154
Q

cholesterol is released into blood w. __

or used to form __

A

VLDL

bile salts

155
Q

pancreatic __ break nucleic acid into

__

A

nucleases

nucleotides

156
Q

brush border enzymes including __ (2)

break nucleotides into __ (3)

which are absorbed into __

A

phosphatases and nucleosidases

N-base, ribose, phosphate

blood capillaries

157
Q

chemical digestion breaks __

into __

A

nucleic acids

nucleotides

158
Q

gastric enzymes (2)

A

pepsin

gastric lipase

159
Q

pancreatic enzymes (5)

A

pancreatic amylase

pancreatic lipase

trypsin

chymotrypsin

nucleases

160
Q

intestinal enzymes (6)

A

peptidase

sucrase, maltase, lactase

intestinal lipase

enterokinase

161
Q

the gastric pit is made of what type of

A

simple columnar epithelium

162
Q

the gastric gland is made of

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

Pathophys II - Exam 3 (8 decks)

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