SCHIZOPHRENIA P3 Theories

Question 1

Osorio et al 2019

Answer 1

-AO3 reliability of diagnosis
-180 individuals
-DSM 5 inter-rater of .97 and test-retest of .92

Question 2

Cheniaux 2009

Answer 2

-AO3 validity of diagnosis
-100 clients assessed with ICD-10 and DSM-5
-68 diagnosed ICD, 39 DSM
-Low criterion validity across diagnostic systems (over or under)
-High agreement within single diagnostic systems

Question 3

Buckley et al

Answer 3

-AO3 co-morbidity
-50% of SZ patients have depression
-47% substance abuse
-23% OCD

Question 4

Escobar 2012 and Pinto and Jones 2007

Answer 4

-AO3 culture bias
P+J 08 - Afro-Carribeans in UK 9x as likely to be diagnosed than White British, but not when living there
Esc 2012 - There is overinterpretation of symptoms in Black British people

Question 5

Fishcher and Buchanan 2017 and Cotten et al 2009

Answer 5

-AO3 gender bias
F+B - men diagnosed more (1.4:1)
Cotton - Women less diagnosed due to closer relationships and better support

Question 6

Gottesman 1991

Answer 6

Large family study, genetic basis
-Aunt 2%
-Sibling 9%
- Identical twin 48%

Question 7

Ripke et al 2014

Answer 7

Genome project study, candidate genes
-Found 108 seperate genetic variations associated with increased SZ risk
-Shows sz is aetiologically heterogeneous

Question 8

Brown et al 2002

Answer 8

Role of mutation, parental age
-0.7% risk fathers under 25
-2% risk fathers over 50

Question 9

Seeman 1987

Answer 9

Found antipsychotics (reducing DA) caused parkinsons symptoms.
(Meant schizophrenia might be result of high levels of DA)

Question 10

Davis et al 1991

Answer 10

Proposed cortical hypodopaminergia (low DA cortex)
Would explain cognitive/negative symptoms.
Suggested that this is what leads to subcortical hyperdopaminergia.

Question 11

Howes et al 2017

Answer 11

Suggested conclusion - Genetic variation and early stress leads to sensitivity to cortical hypodopaminergia and thus subcortical hyperdopaminergia

Question 12

Tiernari 2004 and Hilker 2018

Answer 12

AO3 for genetic influence. Shows genetic makeup makes more vulnerable but is not only factor.
Tienari - Adoption study - bio kids of schizophrenics are at heightened risk despite different environment.
Hilker - concordance rate of 33% for identical and 7% non-identical.

Question 13

Morkved et al 2017 (AO3 for genetic)

Answer 13

AO3 limitation of genetic due to environment
-67% of schizophrenics reported at least 1 childhood trauma (vs 38% of matched with non-psychotic mh issues)

Question 14

Morgan 2017 and Di Forti 2015

Answer 14

AO3 limitation of genetic due to environment
Morgan - birth complications are biological risk factor that can increase SZ risk
Di Forti - smoking THC rich cannabis in teen years increases vulnerability to SZ

Question 15

Curran 2004 and Tauscher 2014

Answer 15

AO3 evidence support dopamine hypothesis
Curran - Amphetamines increase DA and worsen/induce schizophrenia symptoms
Tauscher - antipsychotics decrease DA and reduce intensity of SZ symptoms

Question 16

Freida Fromm-Reichmann 1948

Answer 16

AO1 proposed psychodynamic explanation of schizophrenogenic mother
-cold, rejecti g and controlled
-tense secrecy family envrionment
-leads to distrust, develops into paranoid delusions, develops into schizophrenia

Question 17

Bateson et al 1972

Answer 17

AO1 Double-bind theory
-said family climate and communication style is important in development of schizophrenia
-double-bind doesn’t have to be main communication style, just enough to confuse child and create distorted world perception
-was clear it is a risk factor, not a defining cause

Question 18

Read et al 2005

Answer 18

AO3 research support for dysfunctional families
-Adults with sz disproportionately likely to have insecure attachment styles
-69% of women and 59% of men history of sexual/physical abuse