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Mental Disorders > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia influences….(3 things)

A

… the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.

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2
Q

4 Characteristics of Schizophrenia:

A
  1. Disordered thinking (äIdeas not logically related)
  2. Faulty perception and attention
  3. Lack of emotional expressiveness
  4. Disturbances in movement or behaviour
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3
Q

These 3 side effects appear in high rates in relation to Schizophrenia:

A
  1. Substance use
  2. Suicide
  3. Mortality
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4
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of Schizophrenia?

A

About 1%

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5
Q

Does Schizophrenia effect men and women equaly?

A

No. slightly more common in men.

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6
Q

When is the typical onset of Schizophrenia?

A

Adolescence / early adulthood

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7
Q

What are the three major clusters of Schizophrenia symptoms?

A
  1. Positive
  2. Negative
  3. Disorganized
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8
Q

What are the 3 posotive symptoms in Schizophrenia?

A
  1. Delusions

2. Hallucinations

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9
Q

Name 5 types of Delusions.

A
  1. Thought insertion
  2. Thought broadcasting
  3. Feelings or behaviours are controlled by external force
  4. Grandiose delusions
  5. Ideas of reference
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10
Q

What are delusions?

A
  • Beliefs contrary to reality

- Firmly held despite disconfirming evidence

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11
Q

What are hallusionations?

A

Sensory experiences in the absence of sensory
stimulation
- Most often auditory and visual

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12
Q

Name two common auditory hallusination.

A

Hearing thoughts spoken by another voice.

Voices arguing or commenting on behaviour.

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13
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A
  • Behavioural deficits in motivation, pleasure, social
    closeness, and emotion expression
    - They endure beyond an acute episode
    - They have profound effects on the lives of people with Schizophrenia
    - Strong predictor of a poor quality of life
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14
Q

What 2 domains are represented by negative symptoms?

A
  1. Motivation and pleasure: Motivation, emotional experience,
    sociality
  2. Expression domain: Outward expression of emotion,
    vocalization
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15
Q

What are the 5 A’s?

A 
The 5 types of negative symptoms in Schizophrenia.
Avolition
Asociality
Anhendonia
Blunted affect
Alogia
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16
Q

What is Avolition?

A

Lack of motivation. apathy.

17
Q

What is Asociality?

A

Little interest in being around others and close

relationships

18
Q

What is Anhendonia?

A

The inability to experience pleasure.

Appears to be in anticipating pleasure, not experiencing pleasure in the presence of pleasurable things

19
Q

What is Blunted affect?

A

Lack of outward expression of emotion.

20
Q

What is Alogia?

A

Significant reduction in speech.

21
Q

What are 2 types of disorgenized symptoms?

A
  1. Disorganized speech (formal thought disorder)

2. Disorganized behaviour

22
Q

What does disorgenized speech means?

A
  • Problems in organizing ideas and in speaking coherently
  • Loose associations (derailment)
    - Difficulty sticking to one topic
23
Q

What does disorgenized behaviour mean?

A
  • Difficulty organizing behaviours and conforming to
    community standards
  • Catatonia
    -Peculiar, increased, repeated gestures or immobility
    -Seldom seen today due to effective medications
24
Q

What is the DSM-5 criteria for Schizophrenia?

A
  1. Two or more of the following symptoms for at least 1
    month; one symptom should be either 1, 2, or 3:
    (1) delusions
    (2) hallucinations
    (3) disorganized speech
    (4) disorganized (catatonic) behaviour
    (5) negative symptoms (diminished motivation or emotional expression)
  2. Functioning in work, relationships, or self-care has
    declined since onset
  3. Signs of disorder for at least 6 months; or, if during a
    prodromal or residual phase, negative symptoms or two or more of symptoms 1-4 in less severe form
25
Q

What are the 3 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders?

A
  1. Schizophreniform Disorder
  2. Schizoaffective Disorder
  3. Delusional Disorder
26
Q

What is Schizophreniform Disorder?

A
  • Same symptoms as schizophrenia
  • Symptom duration greater than 1 month but less than 6 months
  • Symptoms often brought on by extreme stress, such as bereavement
27
Q

What is Schizoaffective Disorder?

A

Symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders.

28
Q

What is Delusional Disorder?

A

Persistent delusions.

29
Q

Is schizophrenia genetically homogeneous or heterogeneous?

A

Genetically heterogeneous

Genetic factors may vary from case to case

30
Q

Are relatives of people with schizophrenia at risk to have schizophrenia as well?

A

Yes, relatives are at increased risk.

  • Risk increases as genetic relationship becomes closer
  • Negative symptoms have stronger genetic component
  • Incidence highest among children with both parents with a schizophrenia or bipolar disorder diagnosis
  • Suggests some shared genetic vulnerability
  • The role of environment cannot be discounted
31
Q

What is the risk for twins to get schizophrenia (for the second one, when the first one has it)?

A

44% risk for MZ twins vs. 12% risk for DZ twins

  • Negative symptoms have stronger genetic component
  • Children of the MZ twin without schizophrenia were more likely to develop schizophrenia (9.4% vs. 1% in general
    population)
32
Q

What is right about adopted children with history of schizoprenia in their biological family?

A

Children born to women with schizophrenia raised by
adoptive parents without schizophrenia have increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia

–>Risk of developing schizophrenia is highest for offspring of a parent with schizophrenia

33
Q

What are the chances of a child to have schizophrenia if both the parents have schizophrenia?

A

27.3%

34
Q

What are the chances of a child to have schizophrenia if one of the parents has schizophrenia?

A

7%

35
Q

What are the chances of a child to have schizophrenia if one of the parents has schizophrenia and the other one bipolar disorder?

A

15.6%

36
Q

What is the dopamine theory?

A

in relation to schizophrenia:

  • Disorder due to excess levels of dopamine
  • Drugs that alleviate symptoms reduce dopamine activity
  • Amphetamines, which increase dopamine levels, can induce a psychosis

Theory revision:
- Excess to dopamine receptors related mainly to positive and disorganization symptoms
- Negative symptoms may be more clearly accounted for by other neurotransmitters
- Disconnect between behavioural and pharmacological
effects

37
Q

What neurotrasmitters have a relationship with schizophrenia?

A
  • Dopamine (see “dopamine theory)
  • Serotonin
    • New drugs partially block D2 receptor AND block serotonin receptor 5HT2
    • Regulate dopamine neurons in mesolimbic pathway
  • Glutamate
    • NMDA receptor part of the glutamate system
      • Decreased NMDA receptor activity and lower levels of glutamate
      • Also associated with cognitive deficits and disorganization
38
Q

What is the meaning/consequences of enlarged ventricles?

A
  1. Implies loss of brain cells
  2. Correlated with:
    - Poor performance on neuropsychological tests
    - Poor functioning prior to onset of disorder
    - Poor response to medication treatment

related but not specific to schizophrenia

39
Q

What are factors related to schizophrenia and involving the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • The PFC plays a role in speech, decision making, emotion, goaldirected behaviour
  • Schizophrenia is related to reduction in gray matter and overall volume of the PFC
  • Antipsychotic may contribute to loss
  • Schizophrenia is related to poorer performance on neuropsychological tests designed to tap into functions of prefrontal region

Mental Disorders (13 decks)

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