- Beliefs contrary to reality - Firmly held despite disconfirming evidence

Schizophrenia Flashcards by Shira Dushy

Schizophrenia influences….(3 things)

… the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.

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4 Characteristics of Schizophrenia:

Disordered thinking (äIdeas not logically related)
Faulty perception and attention
Lack of emotional expressiveness
Disturbances in movement or behaviour

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These 3 side effects appear in high rates in relation to Schizophrenia:

Substance use
Suicide
Mortality

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What is the lifetime prevalence of Schizophrenia?

About 1%

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Does Schizophrenia effect men and women equaly?

No. slightly more common in men.

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When is the typical onset of Schizophrenia?

Adolescence / early adulthood

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What are the three major clusters of Schizophrenia symptoms?

Positive
Negative
Disorganized

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What are the 3 posotive symptoms in Schizophrenia?

Delusions

2. Hallucinations

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Name 5 types of Delusions.

Thought insertion
Thought broadcasting
Feelings or behaviours are controlled by external force
Grandiose delusions
Ideas of reference

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What are delusions?

Beliefs contrary to reality

- Firmly held despite disconfirming evidence

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What are hallusionations?

Sensory experiences in the absence of sensory
stimulation
- Most often auditory and visual

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Name two common auditory hallusination.

Hearing thoughts spoken by another voice.

Voices arguing or commenting on behaviour.

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What are negative symptoms?

Behavioural deficits in motivation, pleasure, social
closeness, and emotion expression
- They endure beyond an acute episode
- They have profound effects on the lives of people with Schizophrenia
- Strong predictor of a poor quality of life

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What 2 domains are represented by negative symptoms?

Motivation and pleasure: Motivation, emotional experience,
sociality
Expression domain: Outward expression of emotion,
vocalization

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What are the 5 A’s?

The 5 types of negative symptoms in Schizophrenia.
Avolition
Asociality
Anhendonia
Blunted affect
Alogia

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What is Avolition?

Lack of motivation. apathy.

What is Asociality?

Little interest in being around others and close

relationships

What is Anhendonia?

The inability to experience pleasure.

Appears to be in anticipating pleasure, not experiencing pleasure in the presence of pleasurable things

What is Blunted affect?

Lack of outward expression of emotion.

What is Alogia?

Significant reduction in speech.

What are 2 types of disorgenized symptoms?

Disorganized speech (formal thought disorder)

2. Disorganized behaviour

What does disorgenized speech means?

Problems in organizing ideas and in speaking coherently
Loose associations (derailment)
- Difficulty sticking to one topic

What does disorgenized behaviour mean?

Difficulty organizing behaviours and conforming to
community standards
Catatonia
-Peculiar, increased, repeated gestures or immobility
-Seldom seen today due to effective medications

What is the DSM-5 criteria for Schizophrenia?

Two or more of the following symptoms for at least 1
month; one symptom should be either 1, 2, or 3:
(1) delusions
(2) hallucinations
(3) disorganized speech
(4) disorganized (catatonic) behaviour
(5) negative symptoms (diminished motivation or emotional expression)
Functioning in work, relationships, or self-care has
declined since onset
Signs of disorder for at least 6 months; or, if during a
prodromal or residual phase, negative symptoms or two or more of symptoms 1-4 in less severe form

What are the 3 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders?

1. Schizophreniform Disorder 2. Schizoaffective Disorder 3. Delusional Disorder

What is Schizophreniform Disorder?

- Same symptoms as schizophrenia - Symptom duration greater than 1 month but less than 6 months - Symptoms often brought on by extreme stress, such as bereavement

What is Schizoaffective Disorder?

Symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders.

What is Delusional Disorder?

Persistent delusions.

Is schizophrenia genetically homogeneous or heterogeneous?

Genetically heterogeneous | Genetic factors may vary from case to case

Are relatives of people with schizophrenia at risk to have schizophrenia as well?

Yes, relatives are at increased risk. - Risk increases as genetic relationship becomes closer - Negative symptoms have stronger genetic component - Incidence highest among children with both parents with a schizophrenia or bipolar disorder diagnosis - Suggests some shared genetic vulnerability - The role of environment cannot be discounted

What is the risk for twins to get schizophrenia (for the second one, when the first one has it)?

44% risk for MZ twins vs. 12% risk for DZ twins - Negative symptoms have stronger genetic component - Children of the MZ twin without schizophrenia were more likely to develop schizophrenia (9.4% vs. 1% in general population)

What is right about adopted children with history of schizoprenia in their biological family?

Children born to women with schizophrenia raised by adoptive parents without schizophrenia have increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia -->Risk of developing schizophrenia is highest for offspring of a parent with schizophrenia

What are the chances of a child to have schizophrenia if both the parents have schizophrenia?

27.3%

What are the chances of a child to have schizophrenia if one of the parents has schizophrenia?

What are the chances of a child to have schizophrenia if one of the parents has schizophrenia and the other one bipolar disorder?

15.6%

What is the dopamine theory?

in relation to schizophrenia: - Disorder due to excess levels of dopamine - Drugs that alleviate symptoms reduce dopamine activity - Amphetamines, which increase dopamine levels, can induce a psychosis Theory revision: - Excess to dopamine receptors related mainly to positive and disorganization symptoms - Negative symptoms may be more clearly accounted for by other neurotransmitters - Disconnect between behavioural and pharmacological effects

What neurotrasmitters have a relationship with schizophrenia?

- Dopamine (see "dopamine theory) - Serotonin - New drugs partially block D2 receptor AND block serotonin receptor 5HT2 - Regulate dopamine neurons in mesolimbic pathway - Glutamate - NMDA receptor part of the glutamate system - Decreased NMDA receptor activity and lower levels of glutamate - Also associated with cognitive deficits and disorganization

What is the meaning/consequences of enlarged ventricles?

1. Implies loss of brain cells 2. Correlated with: - Poor performance on neuropsychological tests - Poor functioning prior to onset of disorder - Poor response to medication treatment related but not specific to schizophrenia

What are factors related to schizophrenia and involving the prefrontal cortex?

- The PFC plays a role in speech, decision making, emotion, goaldirected behaviour - Schizophrenia is related to reduction in gray matter and overall volume of the PFC - Antipsychotic may contribute to loss - Schizophrenia is related to poorer performance on neuropsychological tests designed to tap into functions of prefrontal region