Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC3018 > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Psychosis refers to loss of contact with external reality characterised by…

A

impaired perceptions and thought processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In 1911, Bleue introduced the idea of the ‘Split mind’ which consists of which 3 elements?

A
  1. Fragmentation of thoughts
  2. Splitting of thoughts from emotions
  3. Withdrawal from reality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is schizophreniform disorder?

A

A provisional diagnosis; someone with psychotic symptoms >1 month <6months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, Criterion A states you need to have 2 of the following features:
At least one must be 1, 2 or 3

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganised speech (formal thought disorder)
  4. Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour
  5. Negative symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Continuous signs of disturbance need to be present for

A

6 months, may see a gradual deterioration in functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the positive symptoms (presence of problematic behaviours)?

A
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Formal thought disorder
  • Behavioural/motor disturbances
  • lack of insight (unawareness that what they’re experiencing is not reality)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the negative symptoms (absence of healthy behaviours)?

A

Affective flattening

  • social withdrawal
  • anhedonia
  • emotional blunting (not responding emotionally)
  • confusion

Avolition

  • Amotivation
  • Apathy
  • Self-neglect (eg lack of hygiene)

Alogia

  • Poverty of speech
  • Poverty of content
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Presence of negative symptoms predicts…

A

poorer response to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ of schizophrenic patients report experiencing hallucinations, which come in many forms:

A

75%

  • auditory
  • visual
  • olfactory (smell)
  • gustatory (taste)
  • tactile (feeling something crawling on their skin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Delusions are beliefs that are not …

A

culturally accepted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Delusions are categorised on content and bizarreness:

A

eg

  • paranoid/persecutory delusions
  • referential delusions
  • grandiose delusions
  • nihilistic delusions
  • erotomanic delusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are referential delusions?

A

Neutral event (TV news) interpreted to hold personal meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is formal thought disorder?

A

Disorganised thinking - disturbances in flow and/or form of speech (not content as in delusions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some positive manifestations of formal thought disorder?

A
  1. circumlocution or circumstanciality (very indirect, long-winded descriptions)
  2. derailment (slipping from one topic to another)
  3. tangentiality (irrelevant responses to questions)
  4. echolalia (seen in acute phase, person involuntarily has parrot like repetition)
  5. word salad (incomprehensible stream of words)
  6. clang association (phrases linked through sound rather than meaning eg pass me the spoon, moon, i’m cocoon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is catatonic behaviour?

A

A marked decrease in reactivity to the environment
- in terms of posture or behaviour
eg
Stupor - no psychomotor activity; not actively relating to the environment
Catalepsy - rigid posture/position of limbs despite gravity
Waxy flexibility
Echopraxia - imitating another’s movements
Grimacing
Negativism
Mutism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the male:female ratio?

A

3:2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Early onset is associated with…

A

poorer outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____ of sufferers unable to work,

A

50%, 25%

19
Q

____ attempt suicide

A

30%

20
Q

What are the 4 main phases in the clinical course of schizophrenia?

A

Premorbid phase - subtle cognitive, motor or social deficits

Prodromal phase - change in behaviour, functional decline, lasts ~2 years

Psychotic phase - lasts around 1 year, florid psychotic symptoms

Recovery phase

21
Q

one parent, child =

two parents, child =

A

10%

40%

22
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Overproduction and oversensitivity of dopamine receptors

23
Q

Abnormally large responses to low amphetamine doses suggests…

A

over-sensitivity rather than excessive dopamine level

24
Q

How do patients respond to anti-dopaminergic medication?

A

effective in 60%, especially for treating positive symptoms

25
Q

There may be two separate syndromes:

A
  1. caused by dopamine activity and associated with positive symptoms
  2. caused by brain degeneration and associated with negative symptoms
26
Q

What is the most consistent neuroanatomical finding?

A

Schizophrenics have much larger ventricles (twice the size of normals), which indicates a loss of brain tissue

27
Q

Schizophrenics lose brain tissue in the ________. This is linked to ________

A

Prefrontal cortex, negative symptoms (damage to executive functioning system)

28
Q

Structural brain abnormalities (eg in hippocampus) appear to _____ onset of psychosis and to ________ with progressive illness

A

predate, worsen

Indicates schizophrenia as a degenerative brain disorder

29
Q

Early neurodevelopmental damage eg _____ may play a key role

A

viruses

30
Q

Greater likelihood of _______ birth as it is associated with _________

A

winter or spring

Vitamin D deficiency

31
Q

Pregnant mothers’ exposure to ______ has also been associated with schizophrenia

A

viral illnesses eg measles

32
Q

_______ increase for urban births

________ increase among lower socioeconomic classes

A

Twofold

eightfold

33
Q

obstetric complications such as _________, _________ are implicated

A

poor nutrition

viral infections

34
Q

Once the patient is stabilised and on medication, you can start to address the _______ symptoms. Ie….

A

negative

help people notice when stressors arrive and how to cope

35
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary delusions?

A

Primary delusions = formed without a prior psychopathological event or process having led to the false conclusion ie belief appeared out of the blue

Secondary delusions = theoretically secondary to abnormal changes in mood, memory or perception (esp hallucinations)
eg auditory hallucinations might form the source of evidence for the patient’s persecutory delusion

36
Q

_________ is less responsive to treatment for schizophrenia, which suggests that it may have an underlying neurobiological basis separate from other psychotic symptoms

A

Catatonia

37
Q

Approx. ___ of patients with psychosis report current use of cannabis, which has been shown to be a predictor of increased risk of relapse of psychosis

A

23%

38
Q

A NZ study of note has supported the theory that the use of ________ may trigger psychosis in young people with a specific genetic profile. As well as increasing the risk of developing psychosis in genetically vulnerable individuals, the use of ______ is associated with earlier onset of psychosis.

A

cannabis

39
Q

Increased prevalence rate of psychotic conditions among ______ and in _______ countries compared to ________ countries.

A

migrants, developed, developing

40
Q

The duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is related to…

A

the time taken to respond to treatment once it commences

41
Q

Relapse of psychosis is associated with..

A
  1. discontinuation of antipsychotic medication
  2. cannabis and amphetamine use
  3. poorer premorbid adjustment
  4. conflictual interpersonal relationships (high EE)
42
Q

Amphetamines, which release ______, can produce symptoms of schizophrenia

A

dopamine

43
Q

At the core of Morrison (2001)’s cognitive model of psychosis is the idea that psychosis entails…

A

culturally unacceptable interpretations of ‘intrusions into awareness’, which are defined as thoughts, images or impulses that intrude upon the individual’s consciousness and are uncontrollable

PSYC3018 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions