Conduct problems

Question 1

ODD is a pattern of _______, ________ and ________ behaviour

Answer 1

negativistic, defiant, hostile

Question 2

the symptoms of ODD are categorised along which three dimensions?

Answer 2

1. angry/irritable mood
2. argumentative/defiant behaviour
3. vindictiveness

Question 3

Children mainly scoring on the angry/irritable dimension are at risk of developing __________ disorders. They have an inability to regulate their negative emotions.

Answer 3

anxiety and depressive

Question 4

The argumentative/defiant dimension is related to

Answer 4

ADHD, but ODD kids are more mindful of their behaviour

Question 5

The vindictiveness dimension is associated with

Answer 5

callousness; empathic defects; instrumental aggression

Question 6

What is reactive aggression vs instrumental aggression?

Answer 6

Reactive aggression = most kids with ODD, think world is a hostile place, react against that with aggression

Instrumental aggression = kids who use aggression as a means of getting what they want

Question 7

Patterson’s (1982) ________ theory became the dominant causal model of conduct problems

Answer 7

coercion

Question 8

Coercion theory posits that the causal mechanisms of conduct problems lie in..

Answer 8

the moment-to-moment interactions you had with your parent as a kid

Question 9

At the moment when the parent stops the battle, gives in, both parties are …

Answer 9

simultaneously rewarded in terms of basic operant theory

• the child is positively reinforced by getting what they want
• parent is negatively reinforced because child’s aggressive escalating behaviour goes away

Question 10

Patterson said that everyone is both a _____ and an _______ in the system

Answer 10

victim, architect

Question 11

Failure to establish normative compliance/cooperation in early childhood means that

• coercive behaviour functions as a substitute __________
• enters school with _________ deficits
• entrained coercive exchanges _________ to teachers and peers

Answer 11

social skill
social skills
generalise

Question 12

Conduct disorder = repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which the _________ of others or other major age-appropriate _________ are violated, as manifested by 3+ of the criteria in past 12 months

Answer 12

basic rights

societal norms or rules

Question 13

The criteria can be categorised into 4 groups:

Answer 13

1. aggression to people and animals
2. destruction of property
3. deceitfulness or theft
4. serious violation of rules

Question 14

child-onset CD vs adolescent-onset CD?

Answer 14

adolescent-onset type is much more normative and tends to desist in adulthood
- an exaggeration of the normal process of teenage rebellion

child-onset CD

• neurocognitive risk factors
• temperamental/personality risk factors
• coercive parent-child dynamics

Question 15

CD includes a specifier for __________

Answer 15

limited prosocial emotions

• lack of remorse or guilt
• callous-lack of empathy
• unconcerned about performance
• shallow or deficient affect

Question 16

High CU kids are insensitive to punishment, don’t pay attention to punishment cues. This also applies to ________ cues. Low CU kids, on the other hand, are _____________ to emotional cues

Answer 16

emotional

overreactive - the more ambiguous the stimulus, the more they react

Question 17

What is a hostile interpretation bias?

Answer 17

not good at recognising neutrality - as seen in the recognising faces study

Question 18

High CU were bad at recognising ________ compared to low CU (less activity in the ________)

Answer 18

distress and fear

amygdala

Question 19

Genetic factors much higher for _____ CU compared to _____ CU

Answer 19

high, low

Question 20

Think of attachment as a _______. We do things in order to attain attachments with people.

Answer 20

reward

Question 21

The core of parenting intervention = ___________ attention, i.e.

Answer 21

differential
Reward positive behaviour with attention and attachment-rich style

Negative behaviour: ignore calmly, attachment neutral

Question 22

Less than ____ of those in need have access to evidence-based treatments

Answer 22

10%

Question 23

Reward positive behaviour in an ___________, so that behaviour doesn’t ___________.

Answer 23

intermittent unpredictable

extinguish

Question 24

Time out is a brief period where access to _________ is denied. Time out ends when the child is _________.

Answer 24

reinforcers

quiet and under control

Question 25

In order for time out to work….

Answer 25

time in must be fun, loving, full of praise and encouragement

Question 26

parent training success rates are around _____.

Predictors of poor outcomes include…

Answer 26

60%

• marital discord
• socioeconomic disadvantage
• minority group status

Question 27

High CU kids do not respond to ___________ compared to Low CU kids

Answer 27

parenting environments, harder to parent and harder to treat

Question 28

High CU kids: ________ effective but ________ ineffective

Answer 28

rewards

discipline (time out)

Question 29

Eye gaze findings comparing healthy boys and high CU boys?

Answer 29

healthy boys focus on the whites of the eyes

CU boys have scattered appraisal, not focusing on eye region

• It is clear that high CU kids have poor level of eye gaze towards their parents

Question 30

Results of study comparing emotional engagement and child-centred play

Answer 30

both conditions improved kids’ behaviour but no difference - may be due to general effects of warmth?

had no impact of CU traits despite behaviour improvement