Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC3018 > Addiction > Flashcards

Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of drugs can be:

A

Neurophysiological
Behavioural
Emotional
Cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The most rapid route of drug administration is, then..?

A

Inhalation, intravenous, oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DSM-5 marks the first presence of the word

A

Addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the key features of an addiction?

A
  1. Chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory & related circuitry
  2. excessive pursuit of reward (either positive rft and/or negative rft)
  3. Diminished control
    - repeated unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control use
    - persistent use despite harmful consequences
  4. Compulsion and craving
  5. Salience: rewarding qualities of the substance becomes predominant over other interests
  6. Increased tolerance and withdrawal syndrome on discontinuation
  7. cycles of relapse and remission common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the Choice Theory of addiction is in contrast to the

A

Impaired control model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Addiction and _______ often used interchangeably

A

dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between physiological dependence and psychological dependence?

A

Physiological dependence is associated with physical symptoms of tolerance withdrawal

Psychological dependence is associated with cravings/desire leading to repeated (compulsive) use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the average age of onset for alcohol dependence?

A

23-33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the average of alcoholics entering treatment?

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

___ of substance users have a comorbid psychiatric disorder?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Patients with mood/anxiety disorder _____ as likely to develop substance disorder, and vice versa

A

twice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

likely that the genetic basis for substance dependence is largely ________, rather than unique to particular substances

A

non-specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

once sensitised, individuals often show…

A

cross-sensitisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Majority of drugs are association with…

A

the dopaminergic reward system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the kitchen sink analogy?

A

Drugs act like a rubber stopper - stopping the reuptake of dopamine in the neurons
This causes an excess of dopamine in the synapse, this ‘overflow’ causes pleasure and euphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The mesolimbic system of the amygdala, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus is associated with…

A

acute reinforcing effects, memory and conditioning linked to craving, emotional and motivational changes during withdrawal
Arousal and euphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The mesocortical system of the PFC, obito-frontal cortex and anterior cingulate is associated with…

A

conscious experience of intoxication, salience, expectations, craving, inhibitory control/decision-making
Increased inhibition, bad decision-making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ventricle tegmental area sends dopamine —> __________ —> regulates emotions; _________ —> controls motor functions —> __________, memories formed —-> __________, decision-making and attention

A

amygdala
nucleus accumbens
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex

eg eating a piece of cake
amygdala: this is delicious, making me happy
nucleus accumbens: pleasure centre activated, making u want to take another bite
hippocampus: remembers experience and context
prefrontal cortex: focus attention on cake, making the decision to take another bite
reward system = reactivated with each bite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Drugs of dependence operate on three areas:

  1. basal ganglia
  2. extended amygdala
  3. prefrontal cortex
A 
1 = reward and formation of habitual use
2 = irritability, anxiety and withdrawal 
3 = decision making/control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The four stage cycle of addiction involves

A
  1. binge/intoxication
  2. withdrawal/negative affect
  3. preoccupation/anticipation
    - –>
  4. craving/compulsive usage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is incentive salience via conditioning?

A

With repeated use, there is increased salience for using that particular substance
- taking priority over other natural rewards, social activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens when you take the drug away?

A

A state of depletion in the dopamine system; an aversive state, experienced with physical symptoms of withdrawal —> motivates individuals to continue taking the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Withdrawal —> ______ reinforcement

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do neurotransmitters change in addiction?

A

compensate for excess dopamine - dopamine dysregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the violation effect?

A

person is abstinent for a long period of time, but then is exposed to stress (which they have in the past associated with usage) leading to relapse (negative reinforcement)
- reward memory in hippocampus

26
Q

What are the different phases in learning theories of addiction?

A

Acquisition (experimental/circumstantial drug use —> casual drug use)

Motivational phase - compulsive drug use - motivation to use increases

—->Addiction

27
Q

Opponent-process theory
A-process =
B-process =

A 
A = euphoria from drugs
B = bring back to homeostasis
28
Q

With repeated usage, the ___-process becomes stronger, which results in _________ and requires ______

A

B
tolerance
increasing dosage of drug (A) to make it the same response as you previously had

29
Q

Prolonged abstinence can ________ b-process. Once b-process returns to normal, addiction _______.

A

decay

ceases

30
Q

How does antabuse work to treat alcohol addiction?

A

If you drink you become violently ill - lose positive association (counter-conditioning)

31
Q

What are the targets of CBT?

A
  1. maladaptive behaviour patterns
  2. motivational and cognitive barriers to change
  3. skills deficits (eg improve capacity to say no thanks to alcohol)
  4. identify high risk situations (eg people, places, internal cues)
  5. reduce likelihood these situations are encountered
  6. rehearsing non-drug alternatives to cues
  7. enhance motivation for alternative activities
  8. target cognitions that enhance likelihood of drug use
  9. emotion regulation
  10. non-drug alternatives to reducing negative affect (social support)
32
Q

What are the common barriers to effective treatment?

A
  1. psychiatric comorbidity
  2. acute or chronic cognitive deficits
  3. medical problems
  4. social stressors
  5. lack of social resources
33
Q

90% of gambling disorder patients started gambling before the age of…

A

20

34
Q

In DSM-IV, gambling was classified as an

A

Impulse control disorder (ICD)

35
Q

Which sub-criterions in gambling disorder correlate with

  1. psychological dependence
  2. tolerance
  3. withdrawal
  4. negative reinforcement & motivation
  5. erroneous and distorted cognitions
  6. impaired control
A
  1. preoccupation
  2. increased amount gambled
  3. irritability/restlessness after cessation
  4. escape from stress
  5. chasing losses
  6. repeated failure to cease
36
Q

2/3 of pathological gamblers experience _______ prior to developing problems

A

large wins

37
Q

The cognitive model of gambling assumes
__________ beliefs and misunderstanding concepts of __________ and mutual independence of chance events contributes to overinflated estimates of winning

A

erroneous

probability

38
Q

What is cognitive regret?

A

Gamblers persist to avoid the pain of missing a win

- like walking away from a bus stop

39
Q

What is the gambler’s fallacy?

A

after a losing streak, a win is due - assume that there is memory involved in the machine
- assume that law of averages applies to a small window

40
Q

The integrated bio-psycho-social model of gambling show multiple interactive vulnerability factors, that being

A
  1. neurobiological / genetic
  2. family history
  3. belief schemas
  4. peer group interactions
  5. coping strategies
  6. personality traits
41
Q

The random ratio reinforcement schedule is highly resistant to…

A

extinction

42
Q

Are the same brain regions activated in gambling and substance misuse?

A

yes

43
Q

Pathway one of gamblers:

Symptoms are causal outcomes of gambling-related problems: amenable to ____________, ___________ and _____________

A

psychoeducation, brief interventions and brief CBT

44
Q

Pathway two of gamblers:

____________, ___________ and ____________ contribute to gambling (dissociation and escape)

A

affective disturbances
poor coping skills
substance misuse

45
Q

Pathway three of gamblers:

Deficits in ____________ and ________: treated with _________ and __________ interventions

A 
reward pathways (dopaminergic), impulsive
psychopharmacology, intensive
46
Q

Pathway 2 gamblers prolong their sessions in order to…

A

allow continued emotional escape

47
Q

Pathway 3 gamblers often show a history of..

A

family instability, abuse/neglect

48
Q

In the Inhibition Dysregulation Theory (2004), parts of the frontal region of the brain such as the _____ and _________ are thought to compromise the _________ system. Impairment of the ______ system results from compulsive drug-taking as well as other compulsive behaviours.

A

obito-frontal cortex
anterior cingulate cortex
inhibitory

49
Q

Medications for substance use disorders serve which three purposes?

A
  1. antagonist drugs can be used to black the rewarding effects of the substance
    - — eg naltrexone for alcohol
  2. agonist medication can be used as a substitute for the abused substance in order to reduce the harms associated with substance misuse (eg methadone for heroin)
  3. medication may be used to reduce severity of withdrawal symptoms
    - nicotine patches
50
Q

Females report gambling predominantly as a means to deal with _____, in contrast to males who report being motivated by factors related to ___.

A

negative emotional states

winning, excitement, chasing losses

51
Q

It has been proposed that the same _________ pathway underlying substance dependence is also relevant for behavioural addictions such as gambling.

A

neurobiological

52
Q

Decreased serotonergic activity has been consistently related to the personality traits of ________ and ____________.

A

impulsivity

sensation seeking

53
Q

Severity of gambling-related problems was significantly correlated to _________.

A

impulsivity

54
Q

The majority (80%-90%) of pathological gamblers have at least one..

A

personality disorder.

55
Q

m,≤The _____ and ________ schedules of reinforcement associated with gambling are known to produce behaviours that are highly resistant to ______.

A

intermittent, variable

extinction

56
Q

What is illusion of control?

A

Belief and over-magnification of one’s skills and ability to influence or predict the outcome of an event.

57
Q

What is gambler’s fallacy?

A

A series of losses must be followed by a win

58
Q

What is biased evaluation?

A

Successful outcomes are attributed to one’s skill; losses are discounted as due to unforeseen external reasons.

59
Q

What is selective recall?

A

Selectively recalling wins and forgetting losses

60
Q

What is gambling as a source?

A

The belief that one can win at gambling - over the long term one can come out ahead

61
Q

What is illusory correlations?

A

misinterpretation of a correlation between mutually independent events

62
Q

Pathway 3 refers to ‘biologically based problem gamblers’ with ________ dysfunctions that result in high levels of _________ and differential responses to _______ and ___________.

A

neurochemical
impulsivity
reward
punishment

PSYC3018 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions