Schizophrenia

Question 1

Common characteristics of schizophrenia

Answer 1

Auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions and disorganised speech or thinking

Question 2

Positive Symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 2

Hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder

Question 3

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 3

Blunted affect, poverty of speech, inability of experience pleasure (ahedonia) and lack of motivation (avolution)

Question 4

ID10 has subtypes of schizophrenia including

Answer 4

Paranoid schizophrenia (delusions and hallucinations), catatonic schizophrenia (psychomotor disturbances)

Question 5

DSM-5 (2013) criteria of schizophrenia

Answer 5

A= 2+ symptoms persistent in a month 
B= social and occupational dysfunction 
C= duration at least 6 months

Question 6

Dimensional assessment assessed on:

Answer 6

O-4 scale of mania, cognition and depression

Question 7

Epidemiology of schizophrenia (Van Oz & Kapur, 2009)

Answer 7

Equal in men and women, 1% general population

Question 8

Genetic aetiology of schizophrenia

Answer 8

MZ twins 65%, Both parents 46%

Question 9

Prenatal aetiology of schizophrenia

Answer 9

Early neurodevelopment e.g malnutrition or stressful mother during foetal development (Van Oz and Kapur, 2009)

Question 10

Social aetiology of schizophrenia

Answer 10

Living in urban environment, social disadvantage, childhood abuse and trauma

Question 11

Drugs aetiology of schizophrenia

Answer 11

Cannabis and paranoia (Freeman et al, 2014): THC in 121 invulnerable ptps

Question 12

Functional brain differences in schizophrenia patients

Answer 12

FMRI and PET reveal differences in frontal lobes, hippocampus and temporal lobes

Question 13

Medical model of schizophrenia

Answer 13

Illness with biological cause, symptoms only signal presence of a disorder

Question 14

Psychological model of schizophrenia

Answer 14

Focus of phenomenology and symptoms a psych process.

Focuses on a range of biases (attribution and reasoning biases)

Question 15

Continuum model of schizophrenia

Answer 15

Symptoms can be seen in non clinical population (Van Oz et al., 2009): hallucinations and delusions on a continuum

Question 16

Study showing delusion common in general population

Answer 16

47% undergrads reported an experience (Ellet et al., 2003)

Question 17

Paranoia in general population large scale study by

Answer 17

Freeman et al (2011): 18% people are against me

Question 18

Stress vulnerability model

Answer 18

Interaction between vulnerability and stress

Question 19

Cognitive model (Garety et al., 2001):

Answer 19

Biopsychosocial vulnerability-> trigger event-> emotional changes-> appraisal of experience as external-> positive symptoms

Question 20

Treatment of schizophrenia includes

Answer 20

Medication and psychological therapy

Question 21

What is schizophrenia?

Answer 21

A psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental disorder, characterised by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality

Question 22

CBT aims for schizophrenia

Answer 22

Reduce stress and interference/reduce emotional disturbance/ promote active participation

Question 23

Stages of CBT for schizophrenia

Answer 23

Engagement -> assessment -> formulation -> intervention and evaluation

Question 24

Engagement and assessment in CBT for schizophrenia

Answer 24

Structure (9-12 months, 20-60 mins)
Assessment (detail of specific symptoms, history and life review, current behavioural patterns, medication and potential for change

Framework and shared understanding needed

Question 25

What is needed to determine the best strategies to help a client

Answer 25

shared understanding

Question 26

ABC model

Answer 26

Activating event, belief and consequence

Question 27

What kinds of questions do therapists ask for delusions and hallucinations?

Answer 27

“Are there any other possible explanations for this?”

Question 28

Wykes et al (2008) systematic review of CBT

Answer 28

Highest effect size for target symptoms and negative symptoms (over 0.4 effect size)