Schizophrenia

Question 1

Définition of scz

Answer 1

‘severe mental disorder where contact with reality and insight is impaired. This is a type psychosis

Question 2

Define psychosis

Answer 2

losing contact with reality ( schizophrenia, BPD…)

Question 3

Three most common factors of people with schizophrenia

Answer 3

1. most commonly experienced by men
2. Most common by people who live in cities and lower socioeconomic groups
3. Usually homeless/hospitalised

Question 4

What are positive symptoms of scz
2 eg

Answer 4

experiences that are addition to atypical experiences.
Delusions
Hallucinations

Question 5

Delusions

Answer 5

positive symptom of schizophrenia
cognitive process/thoughts : that have no basis in reality. This can be believing you’re someone else, part of a conspiracy or delusions of ‘GRANDEUR’

Question 6

Three types of delusions

Answer 6

1. Delusions of grandeur: thinking you are more important/able than you are.
2. Delusions of persecution : that you think is someone out to get you/watching you
3. Delusions of paranoia: negative things are going to happen, not necessarily from another person.

Question 7

Hallucinations

Answer 7

2. Hallucinations: positive symptom of schizophrenia
   these are sensory experiences (any sense) that have either no basis in reality or are distorted perceptions of things that there are.

Question 8

What is a negative symptoms

Answer 8

loss of a typical experience. So the rest of the population experience something and schizophrenia dont experience it: a ‘loss’

Question 9

Speech poverty

Answer 9

A negative symptom of schizophrenia.
This involves reduced frequency of speaking and a reduced quality of speech (fluency)

Question 10

Avolition

Answer 10

A negative symptom of schizophrenia
Aka: lack of motivation, to carry out tasks. Lowered energy/activity

Question 11

What does Cheniaux et al (2009) show

Answer 11

The differences shows
1. There is a lack of agreement about what schizophrenia is
2. Over diagnosing: people are wrongly labelled and medicated
3. Under Diagnosing: lack of treatement they need

Question 12

Cheniaux (2009)

Answer 12

2 psychologists diagnosed 100 patients independently with both DSM and ICD.
They found the inter rater reliability was really low.

First psychologist:
Diagnosed 26 people with DSM
Diagnosed 44 people with ICD.

Second psychologist:
Diagnosed 13 with DSM
Diagnosed 24 with ICD.

The differences shows
There is a lack of agreement about what schizophrenia is
Over diagnosing: people are wrongly labelled and medicated
Under Diagnosing: lack of treatement they need

Question 13

Osorio (contradicting to Cheniaux)

Answer 13

Once DSM was updated inter rater reliability was very high.
180 individuals.
Pairs of interviewers had inter rater reliability of 97% reliable
And also test - retest reliability (double checking) of 92% reliable

This means that now schizophrenia may be more understood. There may be a higher temporal validity (2009 vs 2019)

Pros/cons
1. Concurrent validity - the extent to which a psychological measure relates to a pre-existing measure.
The ICD and DSM have low concurrent validity because they are different in achieving same measure.

Question 14

4 Issues in classification of scz

Answer 14

1. Co morbidity
2. Symptom overlap
3. Gender bias
4. Cultural bias/ racial bias

Question 15

What is concurrent validity

Answer 15

the extent to which a psychological measure relates to a pre-existing measure.
The ICD and DSM have low concurrent validity because they are different in achieving same measure.