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Psychology > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Unusual sensory experiences that have no basis in reality
Phantom pain

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2
Q

What are delusions?

A

Irrational beliefs + thought processes
Paranoia and delusions of grandeur

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3
Q

Difference between management and therapy for SZ

A

Therapy - in and out of clinical setting, reduce symptoms
Management - in clinical setting to make transition into normal life easier

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4
Q

Reliability and validity in SZ AO1

A

Reliability = consistent
Validity =correct diagnosis of SZ
Co-morbidity = diagnosed with 2 disorders at the same time
Symptom overlap = 1 symptom in 2 disorders
Gender/culture bias
ICD10 = 2 or more negative
DSM5 = 1 or more positive

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5
Q

Reliability and validity in SZ AO3

A

+ good reliability (180 DSM5) - 0.92 TRT, 0.97 IRR
- cultural bias (Afro-Caribbean)
- Low validity (100) 68 under ICD, 39 under DSM
- symptom overlap: SZ and bipolar (+/- symptoms)

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6
Q

Genetics AO1

A

High concordance rates in family/twin studies
Gottesman
MZ higher risk than DZ
Polygenic - 108 candidate genes
Ripke (113000, 37000 SZ)
Mutation
Genes affect DA levels

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7
Q

Genetics AO3

A

+ Tienari (19000 adopted)
+ Objective
+ Practical application - drug treatment
- Social sensitivity: blame/gene editing

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8
Q

Dopamine hypothesis AO1

A

Neurotransmitter
Abnormal levels cause SZ
Hyperdopaminergia = Broca’s/subcortex (speech poverty/disorganised speech)
Hypodopaminergia = Low dopamine in PFS –> delusions

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9
Q

Dopamine hypothesis AO3

A

+ Practical application
+ Amphetamine study
- Glutamate
- Cause and effect: dopamine causes SZ or SZ causes dopamine

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10
Q

Neural correlates AO1

A

Brain structure/function correlates with SZ symptoms
VS - avolition - anticipation of rewards
CG - auditory hallucinations - sound processing

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11
Q

Neural correlates AO3

A

+ Practical application: brain scans for diagnosis; surgery; pacemaker
+ Objective
+ Reduce stigma
- Correlation vs causation: genes, dopamine, trauma can all cause, or can be effect

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12
Q

Cognitive AO1

A

Dysfunctional thought processing
LACK OF

  • meta-representation: inability to recognise own thoughts/behaviour –> auditory hallucinations (voice in head is their own)
  • central control: inability to suppress automatic response while performing a deliberate task –> disorganised speech
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13
Q

Cognitive AO3

A

+ Stroop 30/30
+ CBT
- SSR stigma
- Not objective - bio better

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14
Q

Family dysfunction AO1

A

Double bind
SZ mother
Expressed emotion

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15
Q

Family dysfunction AO3

A

+ Family therapy
- Little evidence/skewed by SZ
- SSR blame family
+ Read: insecure; 69% women and 59% experienced physical/sexual abuse

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16
Q

Differences between typical and atypical

A

Atypical:
- positive and negative
- serotonin/dopamine (glutamate clozapine)
- clozapine/risperidone

Typical:
- positive only
- dopamine only
- chlorpromazine

17
Q

Biological treatment AO3

A

+ Works well with CBT
+ 1121, 13 (T)
+ 30-50% (AT)
- Side effects (NMS + tardive dyskinesia)
–> risperidone
+ accessible, easier

18
Q

CBT AO3

A
  • Doctors do not advise (6.9% of 187)
    + NICE recommends (34 studies- small but significant effects)
    + Mafia case study (Turkington)
  • Alternative explanation
19
Q

Token economy key words

A

Take rewards away
Desirable behaviour
Get back to normal

20
Q

Token economy AO3

A
  • Cannot operate at home = relapse
  • Unethical
  • Art therapy
    + Glowacki 7 studies
    + Dickerson 11/13
21
Q

Family Therapy AO3

A

+ Benefits all: strengthens functioning of family
- Alternative treatment - difficult to gather and have fully engaged family
+ reduces relapse by 50-60%
- SSR therapy may cause more stress

22
Q

Interactionist AO1

A

Old: schizogene + stress
New: polygenic, trauma affecting HPA (stress may be diathesis), cannabis interferes with dopamine system

23
Q

Interactionist AO3

A

+ Ripke - 108
+ Tienari - 19000 adopted

  • side effects
    + research support for treatment
  • economy: no difference in hospital admissions

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