Gender

Question 1

Sex and gender AO1

Answer 1

Sex = biological status
Gender = psych concept
Sex role stereotypes (Kohlberg)

Question 2

Sex and gender AO3

Answer 2

+ Research support (4/6 y/o)

• Restricting careers
  + genuine biological differences
• prejudice

+ Sheridan and King

Question 3

BSRI AO3

Answer 3

+ Test-retest
+ Validity (pilot, internal)
–> understanding, personal attributes
- Poor temporal
- SSR: ‘unclassified’

Question 4

Chromosomes and hormones AO1

Answer 4

Number
XX/XY
SRY
Testosterone, oxytocin, oestrogen

Question 5

Chromosomes and hormones AO3

Answer 5

+ Practical application (IVF, contraceptive, hormone differences)
+ Testosterone study 227 males
- Cannot explain cultural differences
+ David Reimer (circumcision)

Question 6

Which hemispheres do the hormones aid the development of in the womb?

Answer 6

Testosterone = right
Oestrogen = left

Question 7

Atypical sex chromosomes AO3

Answer 7

+ Hormone treatment
- Minority rep/discrimination
+ 87 KFS
- confounding variables of nurture - self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 8

Kohlberg AO1

Answer 8

Universal - based on cognitive maturing
Gender identity, stability, consistency

Question 9

Kohlberg AO3

Answer 9

+ 4/6 year olds
+ 4 y/o developed stereotypes

Gender schema comparison:
Same: cognition/stereotypes
Differences: when stereotypes created

• inferences
  –> biological may be better

Question 10

Gender schema theory AO1

Answer 10

Schema
Identity = 2-3
In groups
Out groups

Question 11

Gender schema AO3

Answer 11

Compare to Kohlberg
Same: cognition/stereotypes
Differences: when stereotypes created

+ children showed photo a week later
- BEM methodological problems
- issues with cognitive - inferences
–> biological better

Question 12

Psychoanalytical AO1

Answer 12

Identification = choose parent
Internalisation = remembering + copying parent’s behaviour
Oedipus/Electra in phallic stage

Question 13

Psychoanalytical AO3

Answer 13

+ Little Hans - created theory
- Gender bias - electra complex
- fatherless behaviour (49, 3-11, 75%)
- PSEUDOSCIENCE

Question 14

What is direct tuition in SLT?

Answer 14

Parents directly reinforce gender expectations

Question 15

SLT AO1

Answer 15

Mediational processes
Imitation/modelling
Identification
Vicarious/direct reinforcement
Direct tuition

Question 16

SLT AO3

Answer 16

+ Bobo doll
- Responding to innate gender differences
+ Explains cultural changes
- Mediational processes impossible to measure
–> too complex to explain 2 y/o

Question 17

Culture AO1

Answer 17

Peers, parents, food, education, religion
Different role models

Question 18

Media AO1

Answer 18

Children imitating role models
Rigid stereotypes

Question 19

Culture and media AO3

Answer 19

+ Mead(y ting)
- Ethnocentrism, imposed etic
+ Mitra (JAI HIND)
+ Jersey Shore - attitudes towards casual sex
- Minor influence on children (haha minor)

Question 20

Atypical gender development AO1

Answer 20

Gender dysphoria
Biological - BSTc
Genetic - concordance rate in twins
Social - psychoanalytical; separation from male to mother, social constructionism

Question 21

What is gender dysphoria?

Answer 21

The feeling that a person’s biological sex does not match their gender identity
DISCOMFORT

Question 22

Atypical gender development AO3

Answer 22

+ Coolidge (157: 96MZ 61DZ) 62%
+ Papua New Guinea
+ Close with mothers = female identity
–> more likely to be due to father separation (study)
- Zhou: post-mortem ; changes may be due to hormone therapy in trans