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Psychology > Issues and Debates > Flashcards

Issues and Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

Issue - Gender - AO1

A

Alpha bias
Beta Bias - androcentrism
Universality
Gender bias

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2
Q

Issue - Gender - AO3

A

Alpha - maternal deprivation (single fathers can play same role)
–> discrimination, court cases
Beta- Sheridan and King
- Prejudice - SZ bias (M underdiagnosed, W overdiagnosed)
+ Universal / genuine differences

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3
Q

Fix for gender

A

Both males and females in sample
Only generalise findings to sample studied
Use same gender psychologist

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4
Q

Issue - culture - AO1

A

Ethnocentrism - one culture as superior
Relativism - respect and within the context
Universality
Cultural bias

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5
Q

Issue - culture - AO3

A

Universality - Kohlberg (studies found genuinely same behaviours)

Ethnocentrism - Van Ijzendoorn looked at multiple cultures; Takahashi showed strange situation isn’t universal; Germany see IA as independent, types not viewed in same way
Secure = most popular; subcultures not included (150%)

Limitation: prejudice SZ

Strength: Japanese & American, 14 same 1 difference

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6
Q

Fix for cultural bias

A

Cross cultural sample
Indigenous researcher
Do not attempt to generalise findings to cultures not included in sample
Do not generalise norms

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7
Q

EI/SS - Issue - AO1

A

Ethical implications: validity/public policy
SS: PPTS, friends/family, BPS, minorities
Stanley and Sieber

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8
Q

EI/SS - Issue - AO3

A

1) Genetic explanation of aggression MAOA (parent guilt/discrimination)
2) Family dysfunction SZ
- IQ test 1920s
+ homosexuality in abnormality; normalised + progressive

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9
Q

Fix for EI/SS

A

Peer review; updating theories; anonymity

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10
Q

AO1 - free will vs determinism

A

Free will
Determinism - internal/external factors causing
Biological - internal
Psychic - unconscious
Environmental - external
Soft - to an extent
Causal explanations

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11
Q

What are causal explanations?

A

Establishing cause and effect
Controlling elements in a scenario
IV causes DV

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12
Q

AO3 - free will vs determinism

A

1) Internal LOC (free will)
–> limitation: Libet
2) Biological - OCD
Psych - family dysfunction
Environmental - SLT
–> goes against legal system

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13
Q

What is the compromise for free will vs determinism?

A

Soft determinism

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14
Q

Idio/nomo AO3

A

1) CW
–> evaluate case study
2) Van Ijzendoorn
–> misses individual differences/subcultures

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15
Q

What is holism?

A

Whole person
Context of situation
Multiple factors
Multiple LEVELS; highest LEVEL of explanation

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16
Q

What are levels of explanation? (R v H)

A

Reductionism
Basic = biological
Middle = machine
Complex = environmental –> holism

17
Q

AO3 - Holism vs Reductionism

A

1) Holism - Humanistic/SLT
–> not scientific
2) Biological - Aggression - testosterone
–> Females cannot be aggressive
Environmental - phobias learned + maintained
–> Wolpe study: tried flooding and SD for woman with phobia of insects - psychodynamic (doesn’t explain complexities)

18
Q

What is the compromise for holism vs reductionism?

A

Begin reductionist, understand, build up towards interactionist theory

19
Q

Nature AO1

A

Nativists (Descartes)
Pre-programmed
Innate
Internal factors
Heredity

20
Q

Nurture AO1

A

Empiricists (John Locke)
Tabula rasa
External factors
Environment

21
Q

Nature vs nurture AO3

A

1) Niche picking - nature chooses nurture (children who have aggressive tendencies (due to nature) are more likely to seek out others who are also aggressive or activities where being aggressive is an advantage)
–> twin studies // adoption studies

2) Epigenetics - nurture changes nature (Maguire)
–> less scientific/hippo already larger?

22
Q

What is a compromise for nature/nurture?

A

Interactionist –> diathesis-stress

23
Q

Idio/nomo AO3

A

1) CW
–> evaluate case study
2) Van Ijzendoorn
–> ignores individual differences, sub-cultures

Psychology (4 decks)

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