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Psychology Paper 3 > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

Positive Symptoms

A01

A

Syptoms which add something new to the patients life
* hallucinations
* delusions
* speech disorganisation

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2
Q

Negative Symptoms

A01

A

Symptoms which take something away from the sufferer’s life
* speech poverty
* avolition

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3
Q

Schizophrenia

A01

A

A severe mental disorder that affects 1% of the population, where the sufferer cannot distinguish between the real and imagined

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4
Q

Diagnosis

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DSM-5
* 2 positive symptoms
* disturbance lasting 6+ months
* failure to function

ICD-10
* 2 negative or 1 positive symptom
* includes a range of subtypes such as paranoid schizophrenia

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5
Q

Classification and Diagnosis

A03

A
  • Criterion validity (39 vs 69 out of 100)
  • Culture bias
  • Co-morbidity (50% depression)
  • Gender bias
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6
Q

Typical Antipsychotics

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Dopamine agonists, based on the old dopamine hypothesis
* Blocks action of D2 receptors
* Reduces positive symptoms
* Can cause side effects

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7
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A01

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Based on the new dopamine hypothesis
* designed to reduce side effects
* blocks D2 receptors temporarily to allow for normal dopamine transmission
* acts on serotonin and glutamate
* reduces positive and negative symptoms

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8
Q

Drug Treatments

A03

A
  • Side effects
  • Effectiveness
  • Issues with research
  • Atypical better than typical
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9
Q

Diathesis Stress

A01

A

A person who has a vulnerability to develop SZ, but only develops it after encountering a stressor

Diathesis
* Genes
* Complications with pregnancy
* Childhood trauma

Stress
* family dysfunction
* trauma
* general life stress
* cannabis use

Treat with CBT and drugs

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10
Q

Diathesis Stress

A03

A
  • Concordance
  • Parenting (Tiernari)
  • Treatment
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11
Q

CBT for halucinations

A01

A

Explains symptoms as being due to malfuctioning systems in the brain
Does not fix symptoms, but helps with coping

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12
Q

CBT for Delusions

A01

A

ABCDE model
* disputes beliefs through discussions

Critical collaborative analysis
* gentle questioning to help patient challenge beliefs

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13
Q

CBT

A03

A
  • NICE (reduces hospitalisation and symptoms)
  • Quality of evidence is mixed
  • Independent effect
  • General evaluation
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14
Q

Family Therapy

A01

A

Family centred therapy used alongside other treatment

Psychoeducation to teach family about SZ
* Improve communication
* Reduce conflict
* Teach practical coping skills
* Teach signs of relapse
* Create a more supportive home environment

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15
Q

Family Therapy

A03

A
  • Effectiveness (26% rerlapse vs 50% drugs)
  • Appropriateness (cheeper)
  • Effectiveness (medication compliance)
  • Difficult to assess individually
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16
Q

Psychological Explanations

A01

A
  • Cognitive explanation
  • Family dysfunction
17
Q

Cognitive Explanation

A01

A

Central control dysfunction
* can’t supress automatic responses
* unable to explain why
* try to rationalise

Meta representation dysfunction
* can’t identify thoughts as own
* not able to keep track of thoughts
* beliefs of being controlled

18
Q

Cognitive Explanation

A03

A
  • Stroop test
  • Word identification test
19
Q

Family Dysfunction

A01

A

Schizophregenic Mother
* cold, rejecting, controlling
* tense, secretive environment
* leads to paranoid delusions

Double bind
* mixed messages and poor communication lead to feeling unable to do the right thing

Expressed emotion
* how caregiver reacts to patient
* burden
* critisism
* hostility
* control

20
Q

Family Dysfunction

A03

A
  • Family (Tienari)
  • Comunication (caused by not cause of)
21
Q

Token Economies

A01

A

Operationalise behaviour with tokens (secondary reinforcers) to be traded for rewards (primary reinforcers)
Standardised training
Relies on conditioning

22
Q

Token Economy

A03

A
  • Effectiveness (only if staff are consistent)
  • Application (easy)
  • Ethics (dehumanising?)
  • Does not aim to treat
  • Issues with research
23
Q

Biological Explanation

A01

A

Family and adoption studies show 58% concordance

108 genetic variations - polygenic

Neural correlates
* structures that correlate with symptoms

Dopamine
* L-dopa given to healthy people = SZ symptoms

24
Q

Dopamine Hypotheses

A01

A

Old
* SZ cause by high levels of D2 receptors
* Too many in Broca’s area lead to too much language produced
* hallucinations

New
* SZ caused by high and low levels of D2 receptors
* Too few in prefrontal cortex lead to difficulty chosing words
* speech poverty

25
Q

Biological Explanations

A03

A
  • Concordance (not 100%)
  • RWA drugs
  • Post mortems (high dopamine)
  • Glutamate (not just dopamine)

Psychology Paper 3 (4 decks)

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