Cognition and Development Flashcards
Piaget: Cognitive Developent
A01
Driven to learn by a desire for equilibration
Rely on schema, some are innate some develop via:
* Assimilation
* Accomodation
Piaget
Equlilibration
A01
When you understand your environment
Not having the neccessary schema to understand the environment is disequilibria and is unpleasant
Piaget
Growing Schema
A01
Assimilation
* adding new information to existing schemas
Accomodation
* modifying existing schemas or creating new ones in order to accomodate new information
Piaget: Cognitive Development
A03
- Preference for faces (innate schema)
- Role of motivation
- Role of others
- RWA (learning)
Piaget: Intellectual Development
A01
- Sensorimotor (0-2)
- Pre-operational (2-7)
- Concrete Operations (7-11)
- Formal Operations (11+)
Piaget
Sensorimotor Stage
A01
- 0-2
- Attain object permanance at 8 months
- Learn through trial and error
Pre-operational
A01
- 2-7
- Inability to conserve
- Egocentrism
- Struggle with class inclusion
Piaget
Concrete Operations
A01
- 7-11
- Conservation
- Classification
- Less egocentrism
Piaget
Formal Operations
A01
- 11+
- Abstract skills
- Deductive reasoning
- Syllogisms
Piaget: Intellectual Development
A03
- Object permanence (suprise)
- Ego centrism (police)
- Conservation (naughty teddy)
- Formal operations (practice)
Vygotsky
A01
Cognitive development is a social process of learning from MKOs
Culture contributes content and processsed of thinking
Zone of Proximal Developmemt
Scaffolding
Vygotsky
Zone of Proximal Development
A01
The difference between a child’s current level and their potential level
Vygotsky
Scaffolding
A01
- Demonstration
- Preparation of child
- Indication of materials
- Specific verbal instructions
- General Prompts
Vygotsky
A03
- ZPD support (puzzles)
- RWA (collaborative learning)
- Scaffolding support
- Nature vs nurture (Piaget)
Baillargeon
A01
Babies born with physical reasoning system
* basic understanding of the physical wold
* ability to learn more details easily
VoE
* Expected event (see carrot through window)
* Unexpected event (don’t)
* Children stared longer = suprise
Baillargeon
A03
- Validity of VoE (more than Piaget)
- Innate (support and universality?)
- More interesting?
- Support (screen)
Selman’s Levels of Perspective Taking
A01
Perspective taking is the ability to appreciate a social situation from the perspective of our normal social interaction
- Socially egocentric
- Social informational role taking
- Self reflective role taking
- Mutual role taking
- Social and conventional system role taking
Selman
Socially Egocentric
A01
- 3-6
- Can identify emotions in others
- Can’t understand causes
Selman
Social Information Role Taking
A01
- 6-8
- Can tell the difference between their PoV and others
- Can only focus on one at a time
Selman
Self-reflective Role Taking
A01
- 8-10
- Can fully put themselves in anothers shoes
- Can only do one at a time
Selman
Mutual Role Taking
A01
- 10-12
- Can see there own and someone elses PoV at the same time
Selman
Social and Conventional System
Role Taking
A01
- 12-15+
- understanding that sometimes appreiciating other’s PoVs is not enough to keep order
- This is why we need social conventions
Selman’s Levels of Perspective Taking
A03
- Holly Senario
- RWA (identifying abnormal, SST)
- Supermarket observation
- Bullies
- Reductionist
Theory of Mind
A01
Ability to attribute mental states to oneself and to others
False belief tasks
* can children understand that people can believe something untrue
* Sally Anne
* 20% of autistic children were correct
* 85% of normal children
Theory of Mind
A03
- ASD
- Perspective taking
- Validity (other abilities)
- ?
Mirror Neurons
A01
Rizzoletti - monkeys
Same neurons fire when watching someone else do something as when you do it.
Empathy, perspective taking.
Broken mirror as explanation for autism
Mirror Neurons
A03
- Rizzoletti (hand movements)
- Support (can’t tell exact neurons)
- Issues with research
- ASD imitate faces study (directly proprtional)
Relate A03 to social cognition, not just MNS
