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Psychology Paper 3 > Forensic > Flashcards

Forensic Flashcards

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1
Q

Top Down Approach

A01

A

Developed by FBI in 1970s based on interviews with 36 sexually motivated murderers
Designates offenders as organised or disorganised
Signature of MO correlates with characteristics of offender

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2
Q

Top Down Approach

Steps

A01

A
  1. Data assimilation
  2. Classification of crime scene
  3. Crime reconstruction
  4. Profile generation
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3
Q

Top Down Approach

Organised

A01

A

Crime scene
* planned
* victim type
* self control

Offender
* above average IQ
* skilled profession
* married

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4
Q

Top Down Approach

Disorganised

A01

A

Crime scene
* spontaneous
* leaves clues
* no self control

Offender
* below average IQ
* unskilled profession
* lives alone

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5
Q

Top Down Approach

A03

A
  • Effectiveness stats (mixed support)
  • Development issues
  • Application
  • Organised and Disorganised
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6
Q

Bottom Up Approach

A

Developed in the UK in the 80s and builds a picture of offender through analysis of the evidence

Geographic profiling
Investigative psychology

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7
Q

Bottom Up Approach

Geographic Profiling

A01

A

Uses information about the location of linked crimes to make inferences about:
* location
* employment status
* mode of transport

Marauders commit crime in a circle around their base
Commuters commute

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8
Q

Bottom Up Approach

Investigative Psychology

A01

A

Uses a statistical database to link crimes and to determine possible traits of offender based on the traits of similar offenders
* interpersonal coherance
* forensic awareness

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9
Q

Bottom Up Approach

A03

A
  • Marauders (data analysis)
  • Scientific
  • Issues with data base (data from police, unsolved crimes)
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10
Q

Atavistic Form

A01

A

Lombroso
Criminals are genetic throwbacks and cannot adapt to civilisation. Criminals are biologically different
Tested this with his Italian Offender research and found 40% had atavistic characteristics

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11
Q

Atavistic Form

Traits of Criminals and Murders

A01

A

Criminals
* asymmetrical face
* extra digits or nipples
* dark skin

Murderers
* bloodshot eyes
* curly hair
* long ears

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12
Q

Atavistic Form

A03

A
  • Positive contributions
  • Negative contributions
  • Issues with Italian Offender research
  • Can’t replicate
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13
Q

Biological Explanation

Genetics

A01

A

Twin studies - 35% concordance
* MAOA gene regulates serotonin
* CDH13 makes you more impulsive
Diathesis stress

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14
Q

Biological Explanations

Neural

A01

A

Raine
* 11% reduction in grey matter in prefrontal cortex for APD group
* Reduced autonomic response in stressful condition for APD

Low serotonin linked to low levels of self control and impulsivity

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15
Q

Biological Explanation

A03

A
  • Twin studies aren’t proof, adoption are
  • Types of crime
  • RWA SSRIs for rehabilitation
  • Support for role of prefrontal cortex
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16
Q

Eysenck

A01

A

Personality is biological and due to nervous system

I-E: extraverts are naturally less aroused so seek stimulation
N-S: neurotics have more reactive SNS so are more reactive
P-S: psychotics have high levels of testosterone and low empathy

E and N children are difficult to condition and socialise

17
Q

Eyesenck

A03

A
  • Supporting research
  • Issues with research (EPQ)
  • Changing personality
  • Refuting meta-analysis
18
Q

Cognitive Approaches

A01

A

Cognitive Disortions
Kohlberg

19
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A01

A

Hostile Attribution Bias (HAB)
* tendency to judge ambiguous situations as aggressive
* aggressive response

Minimalisation
* attempt to deny or downplay seriousness of behaviour
* reduces guilt

20
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A03

A
  • RWA - CBT
  • Minimalisation - doesn’t explain
  • HAB - only violent crimes
  • Supporting evidence - HAB
21
Q

Kohlberg

A01

A

Morals develop in stages
Offenders are more likely to be at the pre-conventional level
Commit crime to get rewards if they think they will get away with it

22
Q

Kohlberg

A03

A
  • Gender bias - girls may be different
  • Supporting research
23
Q

Differential Association Theory

A01

A

Attitudes and techniques are learnt from those we associate with.
Learn through frequency, duration and intensity of exposure and through the reinforcement of attitudes.

People have different levels of association with people who have different values

24
Q

Differential Association Theory

A03

A
  • Useful - applies to all
  • Demographics (young v old, girl v boy)
  • RWA changes to prisons
  • Not very scientific
25
Q

Psychodynamic Explanations

A01

A

Superego
Bowlby

26
Q

Psychodynamic

Superego

A01

A

Rewards or punishes ego for thoughts and actions

Weak superego
* doesn’t learn superego from same sex parent
* too weak to stand against id, so no punishment

Deviant superego
* develops same deviant values as parent

Over-harsh Superego
* strict parenting leads to strong superego
* offend to justify constant guilt

27
Q

Psychodynamic

Superego

A03

A
  • Gender bias (girls don’t offend more)
  • Positive contributions
28
Q

Psychodynamic

Bowlby

A01

A

Maternal deprivation leads to affectionless psychopathy
44 theives study to support

29
Q

Psychodynamic

Bowlby

A03

A
  • Issues with 44 thieves
  • Third variable causes both
30
Q

Custodial Sentencing

A01

A

Convicted offender spending time in a closed institution for:
* deterence
* incapacitation
* retribution
* rehabilitation

Recidivism higher in USA than UK than Norway due to emphasis on rehabilitation
Psychological effects include stress, intitutionalisation, prisonation etc

31
Q

Custodial Sentencing

A03

A
  • Differential association theory
  • Effects - psychological
  • Rehabilitation
  • Length of sentence
32
Q

Token Economy

A01

A

Operationalise behaviour with tokens (secondary reinforcers) to be traded for rewards (primary reinforcers)
Standardised training
Relies on conditioning

33
Q

Token Economy

A03

A
  • Effectiveness (only if staff are consistent)
  • Short term
  • Application (easy)
  • Ethics (dehumanising?)
34
Q

Anger Management

A01

A

Treats faulty thinking with CBT
* diagnoses faults and triggers
* changes response

  1. cognitive preparation
  2. skill aquisition
  3. application practice
35
Q

Anger Management

A03

A
  • Long term
  • research against long term (artificial)
  • effectiveness (only for some)
  • expensive
36
Q

Restorative Justice

A01

A

Reparation

  1. offender meets with victim and a mediator
  2. victim confronts the offender
  3. offender sees consequences
  4. decide on some restitution which reflects psychological or physical damage
37
Q

Restorative Justice

A03

A
  • Victim (85% satisfied, 2% worse)
  • Abuse of system
  • Effectiveness
  • Cost benefit (£8 saved per £1 spent)

Psychology Paper 3 (4 decks)

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