Schizophrenia

Question 1

What are positives symptoms of SZ?

Answer 1

Things that are added to normal behaviour
Hallucinations, delusions

Question 2

What are negative symptoms of SZ?

Answer 2

Things missing from expected behaviour
Speech poverty

Question 3

What did Rosenhan conduct, find and what does this go against?

Answer 3

Being sane in insane places.
All but one pseudo-patient wrongly diagnosed with SZ
Suggests, in 1970’s, SZ had low validity

Question 4

What did Cheniaux find and what does this go against?

Answer 4

ICD : 68% diagnosed with SZ
DSM : 39% diagnosed with SZ
Suggests low validity

Question 5

What did Osorio find and what does this support?

Answer 5

Used OPCRIT (operationalised checklist). Inter-rater reliability was .97
SZ diagnosis more reliable

Question 6

Candidate genes - what is SZ now thought to be?

Answer 6

Polygenic

Question 7

What did Ripke find and what does this suggest?

Answer 7

108 separate candidate genes
No definite genetic cause for SZ

Question 8

What did Tienari find and what does this support?

Answer 8

Finnish adoption study
Biological mothers has SZ
7% of adoptees developed SZ
Genetic cause of SZ

Question 9

Why is genetic mutations relevant to inheriting SZ?

Answer 9

New mutation of genes can be the cause
Positive correlation between parental age and SZ

Question 10

What did Gottesman find and what does this suggest?

Answer 10

Positive correlation between SZ and genes. 48% MZ and 17% DZ
Suggests there is a genetic cause but not 100%

Question 11

What are the positives to the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 11

Antipsychotics work at treating symptoms for SZ so dopamine hypothesis correct

Question 12

What receptors cause SZ

Answer 12

Abnormally high D2 receptors

Question 13

What are the environmental factors that cause SZ?

Answer 13

Birth complications
Childhood trauma
Smoking high canabis

Question 14

What is the dopamine hypothesis? New and old

Answer 14

Old : SZ patients produced more dopamine than non
New : hyperdopaminergia (more dopamine in broccas area) + symptoms
Hypodomaminergia (less dopamine in prefrontal cortex) - symptoms

Question 15

Who founded the family dysfunction explanation and what does this suggest?

Answer 15

Reichman - schizophrenogenic mother was cold, harsh and criticising

Question 16

What does EE stand for and what does this mean?

Answer 16

Expressed emotion
Family express negative emotion loudly, aggressive behaviour

Question 17

Who founded the double-bind theory and what is it?

Answer 17

Batesman- communication is contradicting, conflicting messages

Question 18

What did Brown find and what does this suggest?

Answer 18

SZ returning to high EE families have higher relapse
Suggests that high EE families act as trigger

Question 19

What did Stirling find and what does this suggest?

Answer 19

SZ patients took over twice as long on stroop test
Suggests dysfunctional central control is a factor for SZ

Question 20

What did Berger find and what does this suggest?

Answer 20

SZ patients reported high double-bind statements
Suggests double bind may be a cause

Question 21

What are the negatives to the psychological explanations?

Answer 21

Parent blaming is socially sensitive
Ignores biological causes
Double bind may be delusions

Question 22

What are agonists?

Answer 22

Drugs that increases the action of neurotransmitters

Question 23

What are antagonists?

Answer 23

A drug that blocks and reduces the action of neurotransmitters

Question 24

What type of drugs are antipsychotics?

Answer 24

Antagonist

Question 25

What are typical and Atypical drugs?

Answer 25

Typical - old, reduce + symptoms Atypical - reduce negative symptoms

Question 26

What did Thornely find and what does this support?

Answer 26

Typical antipsychotic drugs gives better symptom reduction than controls Supports typical drugs

Question 27

What are the negatives for typical drugs?

Answer 27

Serious side effects (tardive dyskinesia Little to no improvements of negative symptoms

Question 28

What did Meltzer find and what does this support?

Answer 28

Atypical drugs are effective on 30-50% of typical non-responders

Question 29

What are the negatives of Atypical drugs?

Answer 29

Only treat symptoms not cause Dependency

Question 30

What are the two different types of treatments for SZ?

Answer 30

Family therapy and CBT

Question 31

What reinforcers should be used in token economy?

Answer 31

Secondary - earn token which can be swapped for rewards

Question 32

What did Glowacki find and what does this support?

Answer 32

Token economies show a decline in negative symptoms (speech poverty) Supports a token economies

Question 33

What is a negative for token economy?

Answer 33

Only temporary. Stops working when tokens are stopped

Question 34

What is the interactionist approach for explaining SZ

Answer 34

Both biological and psychological factors need to be present in order to develop SZ

Question 35

What are some biological causes of SZ?

Answer 35

Genetic vulnerability (gene variations) Neurochemicals (dopamine)

Question 36

What are some psychological causes of SZ?

Answer 36

Stress, life events High EE families Schizophrenogenic mother

Question 37

Who found the diathesis-stress model and how has it changed?

Answer 37

Meehl - original was only genetic. Only stressor was schizophrenogenic mother. Now, many stressors (high EE, sex abuse) Excess dopamine & gene variations

Question 38

What did Tienari find and what does this support? Psychological

Answer 38

When adopting, 7% of adoptees who had biological SZ parents and in high EE family had SZ Only 1.5% in non SZ parents but high EE families

Question 39

Treatments for SZ with interactionist approach

Answer 39

Antipsychotic meds & psychological therapies

Question 40

What did Tarrier find and what does this support?

Answer 40

CBT and antipsychotics showed improvements compared to only antipsychotics. Supports combined approach to treating SZ

Question 41

Negatives to the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 41

Serotonin has been found to have a cause

Question 42

What did McFarlane find and what does this support?

Answer 42

Family therapy reduced relapse rates by 50-60% Supports family therapy as treatment