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Psychology Paper 3 > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are positives symptoms of SZ?

A

Things that are added to normal behaviour
Hallucinations, delusions

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2
Q

What are negative symptoms of SZ?

A

Things missing from expected behaviour
Speech poverty

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3
Q

What did Rosenhan conduct, find and what does this go against?

A

Being sane in insane places.
All but one pseudo-patient wrongly diagnosed with SZ
Suggests, in 1970’s, SZ had low validity

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4
Q

What did Cheniaux find and what does this go against?

A

ICD : 68% diagnosed with SZ
DSM : 39% diagnosed with SZ
Suggests low validity

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5
Q

What did Osorio find and what does this support?

A

Used OPCRIT (operationalised checklist). Inter-rater reliability was .97
SZ diagnosis more reliable

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6
Q

Candidate genes - what is SZ now thought to be?

A

Polygenic

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7
Q

What did Ripke find and what does this suggest?

A

108 separate candidate genes
No definite genetic cause for SZ

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8
Q

What did Tienari find and what does this support?

A

Finnish adoption study
Biological mothers has SZ
7% of adoptees developed SZ
Genetic cause of SZ

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9
Q

Why is genetic mutations relevant to inheriting SZ?

A

New mutation of genes can be the cause
Positive correlation between parental age and SZ

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10
Q

What did Gottesman find and what does this suggest?

A

Positive correlation between SZ and genes. 48% MZ and 17% DZ
Suggests there is a genetic cause but not 100%

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11
Q

What are the positives to the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Antipsychotics work at treating symptoms for SZ so dopamine hypothesis correct

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12
Q

What receptors cause SZ

A

Abnormally high D2 receptors

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13
Q

What are the environmental factors that cause SZ?

A

Birth complications
Childhood trauma
Smoking high canabis

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14
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis? New and old

A

Old : SZ patients produced more dopamine than non
New : hyperdopaminergia (more dopamine in broccas area) + symptoms
Hypodomaminergia (less dopamine in prefrontal cortex) - symptoms

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15
Q

Who founded the family dysfunction explanation and what does this suggest?

A

Reichman - schizophrenogenic mother was cold, harsh and criticising

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16
Q

What does EE stand for and what does this mean?

A

Expressed emotion
Family express negative emotion loudly, aggressive behaviour

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17
Q

Who founded the double-bind theory and what is it?

A

Batesman- communication is contradicting, conflicting messages

18
Q

What did Brown find and what does this suggest?

A

SZ returning to high EE families have higher relapse
Suggests that high EE families act as trigger

19
Q

What did Stirling find and what does this suggest?

A

SZ patients took over twice as long on stroop test
Suggests dysfunctional central control is a factor for SZ

20
Q

What did Berger find and what does this suggest?

A

SZ patients reported high double-bind statements
Suggests double bind may be a cause

21
Q

What are the negatives to the psychological explanations?

A

Parent blaming is socially sensitive
Ignores biological causes
Double bind may be delusions

22
Q

What are agonists?

A

Drugs that increases the action of neurotransmitters

23
Q

What are antagonists?

A

A drug that blocks and reduces the action of neurotransmitters

24
Q

What type of drugs are antipsychotics?

A

Antagonist

25
Q

What are typical and Atypical drugs?

A

Typical - old, reduce + symptoms
Atypical - reduce negative symptoms

26
Q

What did Thornely find and what does this support?

A

Typical antipsychotic drugs gives better symptom reduction than controls
Supports typical drugs

27
Q

What are the negatives for typical drugs?

A

Serious side effects (tardive dyskinesia
Little to no improvements of negative symptoms

28
Q

What did Meltzer find and what does this support?

A

Atypical drugs are effective on 30-50% of typical non-responders

29
Q

What are the negatives of Atypical drugs?

A

Only treat symptoms not cause
Dependency

30
Q

What are the two different types of treatments for SZ?

A

Family therapy and CBT

31
Q

What reinforcers should be used in token economy?

A

Secondary - earn token which can be swapped for rewards

32
Q

What did Glowacki find and what does this support?

A

Token economies show a decline in negative symptoms (speech poverty)
Supports a token economies

33
Q

What is a negative for token economy?

A

Only temporary. Stops working when tokens are stopped

34
Q

What is the interactionist approach for explaining SZ

A

Both biological and psychological factors need to be present in order to develop SZ

35
Q

What are some biological causes of SZ?

A

Genetic vulnerability (gene variations)
Neurochemicals (dopamine)

36
Q

What are some psychological causes of SZ?

A

Stress, life events
High EE families
Schizophrenogenic mother

37
Q

Who found the diathesis-stress model and how has it changed?

A

Meehl - original was only genetic. Only stressor was schizophrenogenic mother. Now, many stressors (high EE, sex abuse)
Excess dopamine & gene variations

38
Q

What did Tienari find and what does this support?
Psychological

A

When adopting, 7% of adoptees who had biological SZ parents and in high EE family had SZ
Only 1.5% in non SZ parents but high EE families

39
Q

Treatments for SZ with interactionist approach

A

Antipsychotic meds & psychological therapies

40
Q

What did Tarrier find and what does this support?

A

CBT and antipsychotics showed improvements compared to only antipsychotics. Supports combined approach to treating SZ

41
Q

Negatives to the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Serotonin has been found to have a cause

42
Q

What did McFarlane find and what does this support?

A

Family therapy reduced relapse rates by 50-60%
Supports family therapy as treatment

Psychology Paper 3 (4 decks)

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