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Psychology Paper 3 > Forensics psychology > Flashcards

Forensics psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the top down approach? which country?

A

categories offenders into 2 categories (organised and disorganised) American

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2
Q

characteristics of an organised criminal

A

high intelligence, lots of planning, little evidence at crime scene

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3
Q

characteristics of disorganised criminal

A

low intelligence, unemployed, spontaneous, lots of evidence

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4
Q

what are the 2 negatives of top down approach?

A

only based on serial killers - not generalisable
many serial killers can display both organised and disorganised characteristics

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5
Q

what did Canter find and what does this support?

A

found 100 US serial killers fitted into the categories, top-down approach is correct

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6
Q

what did Meketa find and what does this support?

A

burglars fitted into categories so top-down is generalisable

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7
Q

what is the bottom up approach?

A

looks at minor details of crime scene, develops hypothesis about the characteristics of criminal

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8
Q

what is the first step of investigative psychology? explain

A

interpersonal coherence - the way they behave at crime scene is how they act in everyday life

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9
Q

what is the 2nd step of investigative psychology? explain

A

significance of time and place - indicate where they are living

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10
Q

what is the third step of investigative psychology? explain

A

forensic awareness - how aware they are at covering evidence

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11
Q

who found the ‘circle theory’ and what does it come under? what is it?

A

Canter - geographical profiling
people commit crimes within a certain geographical space

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12
Q

what are marauders and what are commuters?

A

marauders - close to home
commuters - travel to ‘work’

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13
Q

what did Canter and Heritage find? what does this support?

A

correlation between behaviour at crime scene and everyday life - bottom up approach (interpersonal coherence)

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14
Q

what did Canter and Lundrigan find and what does this support?

A

almost all serial killers had a base at the centre of circle created - Canters circle theory

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15
Q

what did Ainsworth find and what does this go against?

A

factors such as age and time more important than location - goes against geographical profiling

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16
Q

what did Kocsis find and what does this go against?

A

chemistry students produced more accurate profiles than trained detectives - going against top-down and bottom up

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17
Q

who found the biological explanation for Forensics and what are some of the characteristics?

A

Lombroso - criminals are under-evolved
facial asymmetry
dark skin
prominent jaw

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18
Q

what are atavistic characteristics and what study was founded into them? what is wrong with this study?

A

ones inherited from ancestors
Lombroso - 40% of crimes are committed by people with atavist characteristics
only 40%, not that high

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19
Q

what are the strengths of Lombroso’s biological explanations?

A

first scientific research, agrees with modern day explanations that criminality can be caused by genetics

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20
Q

what did Goring find? what does this go against?

A

found no evidence that offenders had unusual facial features

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21
Q

what are some other negatives to Lombroso’s biological explanation?

A

reflects racism
determinism - removes responsibility

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22
Q

what did Christianson find and what does this suggest but what?

A

found concordance rates of 35% MZ twins and 13% for DZ twins. supports the genetic explanation for offender behaviour however cant be solely the explanation

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23
Q

what did Crowe find and what does this suggest?

A

50% risk of having criminal record if mother was a criminal
suggests a biological component

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24
Q

what are candidate genes and what gene is said to be related to offender behaviour?

A

genes that are being suggested as a cause for a particular illness
MAOA - regulates serotonin

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25
Q

what did Tihonen find and what does this support?

A

low functioning varient of MAOA was far more common in offenders
supports genetic explanation

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26
Q

what did Raine find and what does this support?

A

people diagnosed with APD had 11% less grey matter in their prefrontal cortex
support neural explanation

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27
Q

what are the 4 aims of custodial sentencing?

A

deterrence
retribution
incapacitation
rehabilitiation

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28
Q

what are psychological effects of custodial sentencing?

A

stress
depression

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29
Q

who found the psychological theory of criminal personality? and what does it suggest?

A

Eysenck - every person has an innate personality type

30
Q

what are the 3 factors which determine a criminal personality? and what are they rated on?

A

extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
EPQ (Eysenck personality questionnaire)

31
Q

what did Eysenck find and what does support?

A

significance difference between EPQ scores with prisoners and controls - supports his criminal personality is correct

32
Q

what is an explanation for high extroversion?
what is an explanation for high neuroticism?

A

underactive nervous system
sympathetic nervous system easily aroused

33
Q

what did Farrington find and what does this go against?

A

only significance difference with P and not E & N
only psychoticism causes criminality - supports biological of testosterone rather than Eysenck’s theory

34
Q

What are the positives to Eysenck’s theory?

A

Many violent offenders like Ted Bundy do fit into Eysenck’s criminal personality

35
Q

What is minimialisation?

A

Reducing something to the least possible amount of degree

36
Q

Who founded the theory of moral development?

A

Kohlberg

37
Q

What is level one of moral development?

A

Conforms to get rewards, obey rules to avoid punishment

38
Q

What is level 2 of moral development?

A

Conforms to avoid dislike of others

39
Q

What is level 3 of moral development?

A

Conforms to maintain communities

40
Q

What level are offenders stuck in? why?

A

Pre-conventional, childish behaviour. More likely to commit crime if they can get away with it and gain rewards like money/increased respect

41
Q

What did schonenberg find and what does this show?

A

55 offenders with neutral faces were more likely to interpret them as hostile - shows hostile attribution theory does cause criminality

42
Q

What did Barbaree find and what does this show?

A

54% of rapists denied they committed a crime. Suggests minimalisation does cause criminality

43
Q

What did Kohlberg find and what does this suggest?

A

Lower levels of moral reasoning in a group of offenders. Supports Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

44
Q

Who founded the differential association theory?

A

Sutherland

45
Q

What was Sutherland main hypothesis?

A

Criminality occurs when criminal association outweighs non-criminal association

46
Q

What are the strengths of the differential association theory?

A

Enabled the move away from lobroso atavistic theory
Can explain all types of crimes

47
Q

What did Farrington find and what does this support?

A

‘Family criminality to be a key factors. Supports differential association theory

48
Q

What are the limitations of differential association theory?

A

Can’t fully observed how long people are associating with other
Runs risk of prejudice towards poorer, high crime communities

49
Q

what are the 4 effects of custodial sentencing?

A

Stress
Depression
Institutionalisation
Prisonisation

50
Q

What did the Ministry of Justice find and what does this go against?

A

124 inmates in 2016 committed suicide. Goes against custodial sentencing

51
Q

What did Shirley find and what does this support?

A

43% of inmates who engaged in education were 43% more likely to re-offend - supports rehab

52
Q

What are other strengths to custodial sentencing?

A

Protects public, opportunity for behaviour modification via token economy and anger management

53
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

Rewarded with a privilege, directly

54
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

Given a token which can be exchanged for a prize

55
Q

What are the strengths of token economy?

A

Makes prisons calmer and safer
Easy and cost-effective

56
Q

What did Hobbs and Holt find and what does this support?

A

Young offenders portrayed positive behaviour. Supports token economies are effective

57
Q

What did Blackburn find and what does this go against?

A

Behavioural benefits tend to disappear upon release. Suggests token economy has little lasting effect

58
Q

What is used to treat anger management?

A

CBT

59
Q

What did Howels find and what does this support?

A

AM has impact on higher anger individuals
Anger management is effective for some

60
Q

What did Howels find and what does this go against?

A

Very little overall impact of anger management compared to control

61
Q

What is restorative justice?

A

Aim is to heal and rehabilitate offender

62
Q

What did strang find and what does this support?

A

Found a reduction of recidivism compared to controls
Supports RJ

63
Q

What did Shapland find and what does this support?

A

85% of survivors reported satisfaction with restorative justice
Suggests RJ is effective

64
Q

What type of psychological explanation is Kholbergs theory of moral development?

A

Cognitive

65
Q

What is hostile attribution bias?

A

Interpreting peoples behaviour as confrontational.

66
Q

What are the 3 superego definitions for criminality in Psychodynamic approach?

A

Deviant, Over-harsh, Weak

67
Q

What causes a weak super-ego?
What happens with a weak super-ego?

A

Absence of strong parental figures. So, ID takes over and they get their desires

68
Q

What causes a deviant super-ego?
What does this mean?

A

Shaped by parental figures who were criminals themselves. This means that they have learnt behaviours that are different from normal society

69
Q

What causes an over-harsh super-ego?
What does this mean?

A

Very harsh disciplinarian parents.
Causes them to unconsciously seek punishment by breaking the law

70
Q

What did Goreta find and what does this support?

A

All 10 offenders displayed the need for self punishment. This supports over-harsh super-ego

71
Q

What did Bowlby find and what does a this support?

A

14 out of 44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths and 12 of the 14 had experienced maternal deprivation. Lack of parents figures causes weak super-ego

72
Q

What is moral reasoning?

A

The way in which a person thinks about right and wrong, the higher the level, the more our behaviour is driven by what is right and not to avoid punishment

Psychology Paper 3 (4 decks)

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