Relationships

Question 1

what is Ducks phase model?

Answer 1

explains how relationships breakdown. 4 stages. each stage has a ‘threshold’. this is the point at which perception changes

Question 2

what is the first stage in Ducks model?

Answer 2

intra psychic stage - start reflecting on whats making you unhappy

Question 3

what is the second stage of Ducks model

Answer 3

dyadic stage - start having conversations/arguments. 2 outcomes
1. relationship breaks down
2. desire to rebuild relationship

Question 4

what is the thirds stage of ducks model?

Answer 4

social stage - goes public, gossip, point of no return

Question 5

what is the fourth stage of ducks model?

Answer 5

grave dressing stage - make a story to public to keep your reputation
aftermath

Question 6

what are the positives of Ducks model?

Answer 6

good real-world application (couples therapy)
used to repair at different stages
good explanatory power - explains how they break down

Question 7

what are the negatives of Ducks model?

Answer 7

too simplistic - can fluctuate especially if high investment
cultural bias - collectivists culture relationships don’t breakdown

Question 8

what is Clark & Hatfield study? what does this show?

Answer 8

females 0% said yes when asked to sleep with a stranger
men 75% said yes
shows men choose quantity and women choose quality

Question 9

what is self disclosure? what can this do to a relationship?

Answer 9

revealing personal information about yourself, can strength a romantic bond when used appropriately

Question 10

what is the halo effect?

Answer 10

pretty people become positive people as people behave well towards them

Question 11

what did reis and shaver find? what does this support?

Answer 11

for a relationship to develop, needs to be a reciprocal element to self-disclose. support sefl-disclosure

Question 12

who proposed the absorption addiction model and what does it suggest?

Answer 12

McCutcheon - people form parasocial relationships because of deficiency in own life

Question 13

what are the 3 stages to a parasocial relationship and who proposed it?

Answer 13

entertainment-social, intense-personal, borderline pathological Maltby

Question 14

what is the attachment theory?

Answer 14

insecure resistant are more likely to form parasocial relationships.

Question 15

what did McCutcheon find as AO3? + or -

Answer 15

no link between insecure resistant & more intense parasocial relationships

Question 16

what did Maltby find as AO3?

Answer 16

females reported parasocial relationships with celebrities who have a body they admire

Question 17

what is inter-sexual selection and which sex chooses it?

Answer 17

quality over quantity - females

Question 18

what is natural selection in terms of relationships?

Answer 18

Seek qualities in partners for their offspring to survive with beneficial genes and reproductive success

Question 19

what was Walster’s hypothesis?

Answer 19

the matching hypothesis - we need to assess our own attractiveness and compromise when choosing a partner

Question 20

what did Cunningham find and what does this show?

Answer 20

certain face features (small nose, large eyes) were rated most attractive by white Asian men
shows attractiveness is objective

Question 21

who formed the filter theory ?

Answer 21

Kerchoff and Davies

Question 22

what did Kerchoff and Davies find?

Answer 22

similarity more important early on but complementarity important later on

Question 23

what is a contrasting point to Kerchoff and Davies?

Answer 23

Levinger - did not find same results

Question 24

what are the 3 main points of social exchange theory?

Answer 24

costs, rewards, profit

Question 25

what is comparison level (CL)

Answer 25

how much profit we believe we get

Question 26

what did Argyle find?

Answer 26

dissatisfaction causes us to calculate costs and rewards

Question 27

what is comparison level for alternatives (CALT)

Answer 27

amount of profit in another relationship

Question 28

what did Kurdek find? what does this support?

Answer 28

positive correlation between commitment levels and profit
supports social exchange theory

Question 29

who found the equity theory?

Answer 29

Walster

Question 30

what is the equity theory?

Answer 30

rewards and costs need to evenly distributed

Question 31

what is a positive to the equity theory?

Answer 31

good explanatory power, can explain why relationships breakdown

Question 32

what did Utne find and what does this support?

Answer 32

those who said their relationship was equitable were more satisfied. supports equity is better than profit

Question 33

what did Huseman find and what does this go against?

Answer 33

some people feel they deserve more in a relationship (entitleds) and some are happy with under-benefitting (benevolents). goes against equity theory

Question 34

who found the investment model and what are the 3 factors that feed into our commitment level?

Answer 34

Rusbult - investment size, comparison with alternatives and satisfaction level

Question 35

what are intrinsic and extrinsic investments and examples of tangible and intangible?

Answer 35

intrinsic - you put in. tangible (money) intangible (effort)
extrinsic - resources shared. tangible (car,house) intangible (memories)

Question 36

what did Rusbult and Martz find? what does this support?

Answer 36

women who returned to abusive relationships reported greatest investment levels. Rusbult investment theory

Question 37

what are gates? what has removed these gates? examples?

Answer 37

factors that prevent relationships from forming. virtual relationships. facial disfigurement, anxiety

Question 38

who found the reduced cue theory and what does it suggest?

Answer 38

Sproul and Keisler, lack cues like physical appearance so relationships aren’t as good

Question 39

what did Walther and Tidwell find and what does this go against?

Answer 39

online cues are present (emojis, reply time)
goes against reduced cue theory

Question 40

what is the hyper-personal model? who found it?

Answer 40

Walther - more self disclosure as anonymity, also found the longer you’re in a CMC relationship, the more disappointed you are when finally meet

Question 41

what did Witty and Joinson find?

Answer 41

found greater self-disclosure in CMC relationships

Question 42

what did McKenna and Bargh find? what does this support?

Answer 42

socially anxious ppl are more able to express feelings online. supports gating

Question 43

what did Ruppel find? why is this less reliable?

Answer 43

self-disclosure is greater in FTF relationships, however self-report so not reliable

Question 44

why does Ducks model have good RWA?

Answer 44

used to repair relationships at different stages

Question 45

what did Moghaddam find? what does this suggest?

Answer 45

relationships in individualist cultures end easier. Ducks phase model is culturally bias

Question 46

what is a negative of Ducks phase model?

Answer 46

too simplistic - breakdowns can fluctuate between stages

Question 47

what did Tang find and what does this suggest?

Answer 47

men & women from individualist cultures self-disclosed more sexual thoughts and feeling. suggests self-disclosure is culturally relative

Question 48

What are the 3 filters that kerchoff discovered?

Answer 48

Social demography
Similarity in attitudes
Complementarity

Question 49

Who founded the social exchange theory?

Answer 49

Thibault and Kelley

Question 50

What did Buss find and what does this suggest?

Answer 50

Females sought financial status while men sought physical attractiveness