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psychology paper 3 > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Ducks phase model?

A

explains how relationships breakdown. 4 stages. each stage has a ‘threshold’. this is the point at which perception changes

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2
Q

what is the first stage in Ducks model?

A

intra psychic stage - start reflecting on whats making you unhappy

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3
Q

what is the second stage of Ducks model

A

dyadic stage - start having conversations/arguments. 2 outcomes
1. relationship breaks down
2. desire to rebuild relationship

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4
Q

what is the thirds stage of ducks model?

A

social stage - goes public, gossip, point of no return

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5
Q

what is the fourth stage of ducks model?

A

grave dressing stage - make a story to public to keep your reputation
aftermath

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6
Q

what are the positives of Ducks model?

A

good real-world application (couples therapy)
used to repair at different stages
good explanatory power - explains how they break down

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7
Q

what are the negatives of Ducks model?

A

too simplistic - can fluctuate especially if high investment
cultural bias - collectivists culture relationships don’t breakdown

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8
Q

what is Clark & Hatfield study? what does this show?

A

females 0% said yes when asked to sleep with a stranger
men 75% said yes
shows men choose quantity and women choose quality

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9
Q

what is self disclosure? what can this do to a relationship?

A

revealing personal information about yourself, can strength a romantic bond when used appropriately

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10
Q

what is the halo effect?

A

pretty people become positive people as people behave well towards them

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11
Q

what did reis and shaver find? what does this support?

A

for a relationship to develop, needs to be a reciprocal element to self-disclose. support sefl-disclosure

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12
Q

who proposed the absorption addiction model and what does it suggest?

A

McCutcheon - people form parasocial relationships because of deficiency in own life

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13
Q

what are the 3 stages to a parasocial relationship and who proposed it?

A

entertainment-social, intense-personal, borderline pathological Maltby

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14
Q

what is the attachment theory?

A

insecure resistant are more likely to form parasocial relationships.

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15
Q

what did McCutcheon find as AO3? + or -

A

no link between insecure resistant & more intense parasocial relationships

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16
Q

what did Maltby find as AO3?

A

females reported parasocial relationships with celebrities who have a body they admire

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17
Q

what is inter-sexual selection and which sex chooses it?

A

quality over quantity - females

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18
Q

what is natural selection in terms of relationships?

A

Seek qualities in partners for their offspring to survive with beneficial genes and reproductive success

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19
Q

what was Walster’s hypothesis?

A

the matching hypothesis - we need to assess our own attractiveness and compromise when choosing a partner

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20
Q

what did Cunningham find and what does this show?

A

certain face features (small nose, large eyes) were rated most attractive by white Asian men
shows attractiveness is objective

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21
Q

who formed the filter theory ?

A

Kerchoff and Davies

22
Q

what did Kerchoff and Davies find?

A

similarity more important early on but complementarity important later on

23
Q

what is a contrasting point to Kerchoff and Davies?

A

Levinger - did not find same results

24
Q

what are the 3 main points of social exchange theory?

A

costs, rewards, profit

25
Q

what is comparison level (CL)

A

how much profit we believe we get

26
Q

what did Argyle find?

A

dissatisfaction causes us to calculate costs and rewards

27
Q

what is comparison level for alternatives (CALT)

A

amount of profit in another relationship

28
Q

what did Kurdek find? what does this support?

A

positive correlation between commitment levels and profit
supports social exchange theory

29
Q

who found the equity theory?

A

Walster

30
Q

what is the equity theory?

A

rewards and costs need to evenly distributed

31
Q

what is a positive to the equity theory?

A

good explanatory power, can explain why relationships breakdown

32
Q

what did Utne find and what does this support?

A

those who said their relationship was equitable were more satisfied. supports equity is better than profit

33
Q

what did Huseman find and what does this go against?

A

some people feel they deserve more in a relationship (entitleds) and some are happy with under-benefitting (benevolents). goes against equity theory

34
Q

who found the investment model and what are the 3 factors that feed into our commitment level?

A

Rusbult - investment size, comparison with alternatives and satisfaction level

35
Q

what are intrinsic and extrinsic investments and examples of tangible and intangible?

A

intrinsic - you put in. tangible (money) intangible (effort)
extrinsic - resources shared. tangible (car,house) intangible (memories)

36
Q

what did Rusbult and Martz find? what does this support?

A

women who returned to abusive relationships reported greatest investment levels. Rusbult investment theory

37
Q

what are gates? what has removed these gates? examples?

A

factors that prevent relationships from forming. virtual relationships. facial disfigurement, anxiety

38
Q

who found the reduced cue theory and what does it suggest?

A

Sproul and Keisler, lack cues like physical appearance so relationships aren’t as good

39
Q

what did Walther and Tidwell find and what does this go against?

A

online cues are present (emojis, reply time)
goes against reduced cue theory

40
Q

what is the hyper-personal model? who found it?

A

Walther - more self disclosure as anonymity, also found the longer you’re in a CMC relationship, the more disappointed you are when finally meet

41
Q

what did Witty and Joinson find?

A

found greater self-disclosure in CMC relationships

42
Q

what did McKenna and Bargh find? what does this support?

A

socially anxious ppl are more able to express feelings online. supports gating

43
Q

what did Ruppel find? why is this less reliable?

A

self-disclosure is greater in FTF relationships, however self-report so not reliable

44
Q

why does Ducks model have good RWA?

A

used to repair relationships at different stages

45
Q

what did Moghaddam find? what does this suggest?

A

relationships in individualist cultures end easier. Ducks phase model is culturally bias

46
Q

what is a negative of Ducks phase model?

A

too simplistic - breakdowns can fluctuate between stages

47
Q

what did Tang find and what does this suggest?

A

men & women from individualist cultures self-disclosed more sexual thoughts and feeling. suggests self-disclosure is culturally relative

48
Q

What are the 3 filters that kerchoff discovered?

A

Social demography
Similarity in attitudes
Complementarity

49
Q

Who founded the social exchange theory?

A

Thibault and Kelley

50
Q

What did Buss find and what does this suggest?

A

Females sought financial status while men sought physical attractiveness

psychology paper 3 (4 decks)

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