Relationships Flashcards
what is Ducks phase model?
explains how relationships breakdown. 4 stages. each stage has a ‘threshold’. this is the point at which perception changes
what is the first stage in Ducks model?
intra psychic stage - start reflecting on whats making you unhappy
what is the second stage of Ducks model
dyadic stage - start having conversations/arguments. 2 outcomes
1. relationship breaks down
2. desire to rebuild relationship
what is the thirds stage of ducks model?
social stage - goes public, gossip, point of no return
what is the fourth stage of ducks model?
grave dressing stage - make a story to public to keep your reputation
aftermath
what are the positives of Ducks model?
good real-world application (couples therapy)
used to repair at different stages
good explanatory power - explains how they break down
what are the negatives of Ducks model?
too simplistic - can fluctuate especially if high investment
cultural bias - collectivists culture relationships don’t breakdown
what is Clark & Hatfield study? what does this show?
females 0% said yes when asked to sleep with a stranger
men 75% said yes
shows men choose quantity and women choose quality
what is self disclosure? what can this do to a relationship?
revealing personal information about yourself, can strength a romantic bond when used appropriately
what is the halo effect?
pretty people become positive people as people behave well towards them
what did reis and shaver find? what does this support?
for a relationship to develop, needs to be a reciprocal element to self-disclose. support sefl-disclosure
who proposed the absorption addiction model and what does it suggest?
McCutcheon - people form parasocial relationships because of deficiency in own life
what are the 3 stages to a parasocial relationship and who proposed it?
entertainment-social, intense-personal, borderline pathological Maltby
what is the attachment theory?
insecure resistant are more likely to form parasocial relationships.
what did McCutcheon find as AO3? + or -
no link between insecure resistant & more intense parasocial relationships
what did Maltby find as AO3?
females reported parasocial relationships with celebrities who have a body they admire
what is inter-sexual selection and which sex chooses it?
quality over quantity - females
what is natural selection in terms of relationships?
Seek qualities in partners for their offspring to survive with beneficial genes and reproductive success
what was Walster’s hypothesis?
the matching hypothesis - we need to assess our own attractiveness and compromise when choosing a partner
what did Cunningham find and what does this show?
certain face features (small nose, large eyes) were rated most attractive by white Asian men
shows attractiveness is objective
who formed the filter theory ?
Kerchoff and Davies
what did Kerchoff and Davies find?
similarity more important early on but complementarity important later on
what is a contrasting point to Kerchoff and Davies?
Levinger - did not find same results
what are the 3 main points of social exchange theory?
costs, rewards, profit
what is comparison level (CL)
how much profit we believe we get
what did Argyle find?
dissatisfaction causes us to calculate costs and rewards
what is comparison level for alternatives (CALT)
amount of profit in another relationship
what did Kurdek find? what does this support?
positive correlation between commitment levels and profit
supports social exchange theory
who found the equity theory?
Walster
what is the equity theory?
rewards and costs need to evenly distributed
what is a positive to the equity theory?
good explanatory power, can explain why relationships breakdown
what did Utne find and what does this support?
those who said their relationship was equitable were more satisfied. supports equity is better than profit
what did Huseman find and what does this go against?
some people feel they deserve more in a relationship (entitleds) and some are happy with under-benefitting (benevolents). goes against equity theory
who found the investment model and what are the 3 factors that feed into our commitment level?
Rusbult - investment size, comparison with alternatives and satisfaction level
what are intrinsic and extrinsic investments and examples of tangible and intangible?
intrinsic - you put in. tangible (money) intangible (effort)
extrinsic - resources shared. tangible (car,house) intangible (memories)
what did Rusbult and Martz find? what does this support?
women who returned to abusive relationships reported greatest investment levels. Rusbult investment theory
what are gates? what has removed these gates? examples?
factors that prevent relationships from forming. virtual relationships. facial disfigurement, anxiety
who found the reduced cue theory and what does it suggest?
Sproul and Keisler, lack cues like physical appearance so relationships aren’t as good
what did Walther and Tidwell find and what does this go against?
online cues are present (emojis, reply time)
goes against reduced cue theory
what is the hyper-personal model? who found it?
Walther - more self disclosure as anonymity, also found the longer you’re in a CMC relationship, the more disappointed you are when finally meet
what did Witty and Joinson find?
found greater self-disclosure in CMC relationships
what did McKenna and Bargh find? what does this support?
socially anxious ppl are more able to express feelings online. supports gating
what did Ruppel find? why is this less reliable?
self-disclosure is greater in FTF relationships, however self-report so not reliable
why does Ducks model have good RWA?
used to repair relationships at different stages
what did Moghaddam find? what does this suggest?
relationships in individualist cultures end easier. Ducks phase model is culturally bias
what is a negative of Ducks phase model?
too simplistic - breakdowns can fluctuate between stages
what did Tang find and what does this suggest?
men & women from individualist cultures self-disclosed more sexual thoughts and feeling. suggests self-disclosure is culturally relative
What are the 3 filters that kerchoff discovered?
Social demography
Similarity in attitudes
Complementarity
Who founded the social exchange theory?
Thibault and Kelley
What did Buss find and what does this suggest?
Females sought financial status while men sought physical attractiveness
