schizophrenia Flashcards
Define “schizophrenia”
a severe mental disorder where contact with reality and insights are impaired , an example of psychosis
- affects men more than woman
- severely impacts everyday life , those w schizophrenia usually end up homeless or in a hospital
Outline the two classification systems for mental disorders (schizophrenia )
Diagnostic and statistical manual ed5
(DSM-5)
- American Psychiatrics association
- more specific diagnostic criteria : requires more delusion , hallucinations and disorganised speech & catononic behaviour
International classification of disease
(ICD-10)
-World Health Organisations (WHO)
- broader approach to diagnosis : require paranoid delusions usually accompanied by hallucinations
Outline the main differences between the two classification systems for mental illnesses , in schizophrenia
Produced by different organisations
DSM-5 : American psychiatries association
ICD-10 : world health organisation
Type of symptom that must be present
DSM-5 : positive symptom present
ICD-10: 2 or more negative symptom present
Subtypes of schizophrenia
DSM-5: new model does not make these distinctions
ICD-10: makes these distinctions
why has the subtypes of schizophrenia been dropped from bot ICM and
tended to be inconsistent
e.g : someone with diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia would not necessary show the same symptoms a few years later
What are positive symptoms
atypical symptoms experienced in addition to normal experiences
- enhance typical experience of sufferers
e.g hallucinations and delusions
What are negative symptoms
atypical experiences that represent the loss of a usual experience
e.g
speech poverty
avolition (lack of motivation)
Outline positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations :
- distorted perception of real stimuli
OR
-perception of stimuli which have no basis in reality
-auditory hallucinations : thought to be caused by excess dopamine in Broca area
e.g : distorted facial expressions , seeing people/animal that are Not there , voices
Delusions
- set of beliefs with no basis in reality
e.g sufferer may be paranoid that they are being stalked by the royal family
-many different delusions :
e.g : delusional jealousy , somatic delusional disorders
Outline negative symptoms of schizophrenia
speech poverty
-abnormally low level of frequency and quality of speech
e.g delay in persons verbal responses during conversation
(however speech disorganisation classified at P symptom in DSM)
Avolition
-inability to cope with the normal pressures and motivation levels associated with everyday living and dayto-day tasks.
-difficult to carry out goal-driven activities
e.g : actions performed in order to carry out a result
Define Co-morbidity
the occurance of two disorders or conditions together
e.g a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder
- two conditions are usually diagnosed together , calls into question the validity of classifying two disorders separately
Define Co-morbidity
the occurance of two disorders or conditions together
e.g a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder
- two conditions are usually diagnosed together , calls into question the validity of classifying two disorders separately
eval points of diagnosis & classifications of schizophrenia
LIMITATIONS
- co-morbidity with other conditions - buckley et al
-cultural bias
-gender bias - cotton et al
-low validity - criterion validity - chenieux
Evaluate limitation of the diagnosis and classifications of schizophrenia (coo-morbidity)
high co-morbidity between schizophrenia and other conditions
- Buckley et al 2009 found that schizophrenia was often diagnosed with other MH conditions e.g post traumatic stress disorder
- researchers found : 29% of SZ patients suffered from ptsd and 50% suffered from depression
-esp in case of depression suggests that if SZ is so frequently diagnosed w/ other psychiatric disorders then, these disorders may actually be the same thing , so more accurate and valid explanation will be to combine these 2 explanations
-issues of validity in diagnosis of SZ & attempting to differentiate its symptoms from that of other diseases
Evaluate limitation of the diagnosis and classifications of schizophrenia (cultural bias)
cultural bias
- some symptoms of sz , such as hearing voices , may be deemed as a positive sign in certain cultures
-e.g in Haiti people believe hearing voices is communications from ancestors
-british people of african-carb origin are up to nine times likely as likely to recieve a diagnosis as white british people
(due to more openess about admitting sz symptoms)
also : diagnosis of clients by psychiatrics from diff cultural bg : overiinterpretation of symp
-britis african-carib can be discriminated against by a culturally biased diagnostic system
CP can be a genetic vunerability
Evaluate limitation of the diagnosis and classifications of schizophrenia (gender bias)
gender bias in diagnosis
-since 1980s there has been a rapid increase in diagnosis of SZ in men
-e.g cotton et al suggests that because there are no differences in genetic susceptibility for men and women in terms of SZ, then gender bias must be to blame
- dispositional traits of woman e.g : being able to work even when in pain : masks symptoms of SZ or distorts severity : not serious enough to call diagnosis
-current system of diagnosis for SZ does does not account for gender biases and differences : inaccurate diagnosis
Evaluate limitation of the diagnosis and classifications of schizophrenia (low validity)
low validity
-assessing validity of psychiatric diagnosis is criterion validity
- cheniaux had 2 psychiatrics independently assess same 100 clients using ICD-10 and DSM-IV and found 68 were diagnosed with SZ under ICD system and 39 under DSM
- SZ can be over/under diagnosed according to diagnostic system : criterion validity is low
CP: contradicting study : excellent agreement betweeen clinicians when both using DSM - CRITERION VALIDITY IS high when diagnosed under a single diagnostic system
