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schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

schizophrenia

A

A serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves
- contact with reality and insight are impaired

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2
Q

feature

A

a fact related to the disorder

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3
Q

features of schizophrenia

A
  • occurs in less than 1% of the population worldwide
  • affects thought process and ability to determine reality
  • sufferers can experience one episode or can have persistent episodes
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4
Q

symptoms of schizophrenia

A

can be either positive or negative

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5
Q

positive symptoms

A

Type 1
- something is gained

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6
Q

negative symptoms

A

Type 2
- something is lost

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7
Q

delusions

A

(positive symptom)
- FALSE BELIEFS
- sometimes referred to as paranoia

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8
Q

delusions of persecution

A

people believe they are being targeted

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9
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

people believe they have a special power / mission

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10
Q

thought broadcasting

A

people believe that their brain acts like a radio transmitter

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11
Q

avolition

A

(negative symptom)
- lack of motivation to do tasks that have an end goal

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12
Q

hallucinations

A

(positive symptoms)
- FALSE PERCEPTIONS
- unusual sensory experiences
- sometimes related to the environment

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13
Q

cataleptic stupor

A

(negative symptom)
- a state close to unconsciousness
- individuals may experience a trance seizure and become waxy / flexible

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14
Q

speech poverty

A

(negative symptom)
- no fluency when speaking
- changes in speech patterns, more frequent pauses, shorter answers
- example is echolia

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15
Q

auditory hallucinations

A

(positive symptoms)
- sensory experiences where individuals hear a sound that is not present
- often common to be voices

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16
Q

failure to maintain normal posture

A

(negative symptom)
- individuals are unable to stand normally
- may be rigid or standing in a way that fights gravity

17
Q

diagnosis of schizophrenia

A

DSM-5 and ICD-10

18
Q

DSM-5

A

america
- one positive symptom must be present
- signs of disturbance for six months

19
Q

ICD-10

A

europe
- two or more negative symptoms must be present
- signs of disturbance for two months

20
Q

reliability in diagnosis

A

refers to how far the classification system produces the same diagnosis for same set of symptoms

21
Q

validity in diagnosis

A

refers to whether the diagnosis is correct

22
Q

descriptive validity in diagnosis

A

how similar individuals diagnosed with disorders are

23
Q

aeitological validity in diagnosis

A

how similar the cause it

24
Q

predictive validity in diagnosis

A

how useful the diagnosis categories are for producing correct treatment

25
Q

co-morbidity

A

when the patient has two or more disorders at the same time

26
Q

evaluation of co-morbidity

A

Buckley et al (2009) found that half of people with schizophrenia also have depression (50%), or substance abuse (47%). PTSD also occurred in 29% of cases, as well as OCD in 23%.

❌ not reliable -> all patients get different diagnosis so its not consistent
❌ not valid -> makes diagnosis of schizophrenia difficult so therapists may get it wrong

27
Q

symptom overlap

A

when a disorder has some of the same symptoms as another disorder

28
Q

evaluation of symptom overlap

A

considerable overlap between symptoms of schizophrenia and other disorders: both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder involve positive and negative symptoms. Ellason and Ross (1995) found oeople with dissociative identity disorder have more schizophrenia symptoms than schizophrenia patients.

❌ not reliable -> different classification systems could result in less schizophrenia diagnosis’s
❌ not valid -> people with schizophrenia may not be diagnosed with schizophrenia, so therefore diagnosis is not valid

29
Q

culture bias

A

tendency to ignore culture differences and interpreting all phenomena through a “lens” of its own culture

30
Q

evaluation of culture bias

A

African cultures, due to cultural beliefs, may believe that the voices they here are religious so will not look for help. Escobar (2012) found that white psychiatrists may over-interpret symptoms of black people.

❌ not reliable -> less consistent diagnosis because people are not looking for help
❌ not valid -> classification systems do not help diagnose those with religious or cultural beliefs so diagnosis is not correct

31
Q

gender bias

A

in the context of gender, psychological research may offer a view that does nit justifiable represent an experience of men or women

32
Q

evaluation of gender bias

A

more men receive diagnosis compared to women. Loring and Powell (1988) randomly selected 290 male and female psychiatrists to read two case articles or patients behaviour to diagnose them. When a patient was described as ‘male’, 56% were diagnosed. When the patient was described as ‘female’, 20% were diagnosed.

❌ not reliable -> less women are diagnosed than men therefore diagnosis is inconsistent
❌ not valid -> classification systems allow gender to influence diagnosis so therefore it is inaccurate

33
Q

evaluation of validity of diagnosis

A

Cheniaux et al (2009) had two psychiatrists independently assess the same 100 clients using the ICD-10 and the DSM-4. 68 of the 100 clients were diagnosed under the ICD and only 39 under the DSM

❌ not valid -> figures of diagnosis are completely different due to the different classification systems

34
Q

evaluation of reliability of diagnosis

A

Osorio et al (2019) reported excellent reliability for the diagnosis of schizophrenia in 180 individuals using the DSM-5. This is because pairs of interviewers achiever an inter-rater reliability of +0.97 and test-retest of +0.92

✅ reliable -> supporting evidence with statistics shows that using the classification system alone creates consistent diagnosis

35
Q

biological explanations of schizophrenia

A
  • genetic factors
  • neurochemicals
  • brain structure
36
Q

genetic basis of schizophrenia

A
  • plays a major role in schizophrenia
  • thought to explain 50% of cases
  • there is no “schizogene”
  • it is thought a variety of genetic factors may influence the development of schizophrenia
37
Q

family study

A

research done on close relatives to compare certain traits to determine whether the genetic factors underlie these traits

38
Q

family and twin studies (Gottesman 1991)

A
  • conducted a large scale family study
    Identical twins: 48%
    Fraternal twins: 17%
    Children: 13%
    Siblings: 9%
    Parents: 6%
    General public: 1%

This study shows that genetics plays a big role in the development of schizophrenia, however it also suggests that there is other factors due to the 48% of identical twins

39
Q

Gottesman continued

A

psychology paper 3 (4 decks)

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