issues and debates Flashcards
culture
the ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular group of people or society
culture bias
tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the lens of your own culture
cultural relativism
behaviour differs across cultures
- behaviour only has meaning when considering the context at which it occurs
ethnocentrism
judging other cultures by the standards and values of ones own culture
- extreme type of culture bias
universality
behaviours are the same across cultures
emic research
research conducted inside a specific culture, aiming to identify behaviours that are specific to that culture
imposed etic
assumes behaviour from one culture can be applied universally
examples of culture bias in research
- milgram
- asch
WEIRD samples
Western
Educated
Industrialised societies
Rich
Democratic
limitation of culture bias
- innacurate understanding of behaviour
- asch + milgram studied with white, middle class Americans
limitation of culture bias
- negative implications for society
- IQ test were given to 1.75 million soldiers in WWI
- contained questions about america
- non-americans scored low results and were labelled as intellectually inferior
strength of culture bias
- developments
- cultural psychology is new branch of psychology that has developed
reducing cultural bias
- use researchers familiar/native to the culture that is being studied
- cross-cultural research
- reflexive approach
- no assumptions
CRRISSE acronym
Cross-cultural research
Representative sample
Reflexive approach
Immersion
Standards
Sensitive research
Emic approach
gender bias
the differential treatment and/or representation of males and females, based on stereotypes and not real differences
alpha bias
refers to theories which exaggerate differences between males and females
- freud
beta bias
refers to theories which minimise differences between males and females
- asch (males)
- milgram (males)
- moscovici (women)
how to deal with beta bias
- include samples with both genders
- if one gender is used, make it clear and don’t apply it to another gender
androcentrism
theories focused on males
- Asch
gynocentricism
theories focused on women
- Moscovici
free will vs determinism
is human behaviour determined by factors such as biology and experience or do humans freely decide how to behave?
free will
humans make life choices that are not determined by biological or environmental factors
- humans are responsible for their own actions
determinism
behaviour always has a cause
determinism continuum
- soft determinism
- hard determinism
- the more personal responsibility you have, the more soft determinism it is
soft determinism
- behaviour is determined but mediated by cognitive factors
- cognitive approach
- social learning theory
hard determinism
- behaviour is determined by either internal or external factors that are beyond our control
- biological approach
- behaviourist approach
types of determinism
- biological
- environmental
- psychic
biological determinism
behaviours are determined by biological factors
- aggression = MAOA-L gene
environmental determinism
behaviours are determined by features of the environment
- based on principles of skinner
- bandura = models
psychic determinism
traits and behaviours are governed by unconscious instincts and drives
- freud
strength of determinism
- linked to science
- ability to investigate
- can control and treat behaviour
- cause and effect
limitation of determinism
- inconsistent with legal system
- legal system is moral and responsibility so we are held accountable for our behaviour
strength of free will
- compatible with legal system
-responsibility - moral and legal
- self control
- modern society
limitation of free will
- inconsistent with science
-cannot scientifically investigate free will - hard to define
