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Learning (Cora) > Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement > Flashcards

Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement Flashcards

1
Q

What is an adjusting schedule?

A

A schedule in which the response requirement changes as a function of the organism’s performance while responding for the previous reinforcer.

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2
Q

What is a chained schedule?

A

A schedule consisting of a sequence of two or more simple schedules, each with its own discriminative stimulus and the last of which results in a terminal reinforcer.

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3
Q

Explain the behavioural bliss point approach.

A

An organism that has free access to activities will distribute it’s behaviour between then to maximise reinforcement.

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4
Q

What is a conjunctive schedule?

A

A type of complex schedule where the requirements of two or more simple schedules must be met before a reinforcer is delivered.

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5
Q

Explain a continuous reinforcement schedule.

A

A schedule where each response is reinforced.

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6
Q

What is differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH)?

A

Reinforcement is given if the organism responds a certain number of times within a time limit; or reinforcement is provided for responding to at a fast rate.

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7
Q

What is differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)?

A

Reinforcement is given if the organism waits for a time period in between each reinforcer; or reinforcement is provided for responding at a slow pace.

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8
Q

What is a fixed duration (FD) schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given if the response is continuous for a fixed period of time.

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9
Q

What is a fixed interval (FI) schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given for the first response after a fixed period of time.

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10
Q

What is a fixed time (FT) schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given after a fixed period of time, regardless of the organism’s behaviour.

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11
Q

What is a fixed ratio (FR) schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.

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12
Q

Explain the goal gradient effect.

A

An increase in the strength and/or efficiency of responding as one draws near to the goals.

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13
Q

Define incentive motivation.

A

The reinforcer is motivating.

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14
Q

What occurs in an intermittent (or partial) reinforcement schedule?

A

Only some responses are reinforced.

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15
Q

What is a noncontingent schedule of reinforcement?

A

A schedule where the reinforcer is delivered independently of any response.

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16
Q

Define the Premack principle.

A

The idea that a high-probability behaviour can be used to reinforce a low-probability behaviour.

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17
Q

What is ratio strain?

A

A disruption in responding due to an overly demanding response requirement.

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18
Q

What is the response deprivation hypothesis?

A

A behaviour can be reinforcing when access to the behaviour is restricted, so frequency of the behaviour is less than what is preferred.

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19
Q

What is a response-rate schedule?

A

Reinforcement relies on the organism’s rate of response.

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20
Q

Define schedule of reinforcement.

A

The response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement.

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21
Q

Explain a variable duration (VD) schedule.

A

Reinforcement is given for continuous performance of a behaviour for a varying period of time.

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22
Q

Explain a variable interval (VI) schedule.

A

Reinforcement is given for the first response after a varying period of time.

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23
Q

Explain a variable ratio (VR) schedule.

A

Reinforcement is given after a varying number of responses.

24
Q

Explain a variable time (VT) schedule.

A

Reinforcement is given after a varying amount of time, regardless of the organism’s behaviour.

25
Q

Which reinforcement schedule is most like real life?

A

The intermittent (or partial) reinforcement schedule.

26
Q

Give the four basic types of intermittent schedules.

A

Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval.

27
Q

What is a steady-state behaviour?

A

The characteristic response pattern that emerges once the organism has had considerable exposure to the schedule.

28
Q

Fixed ratio schedules normally produce a:

A

High rate of response along with a short pause following the attainment of each reinforcer.

29
Q

What is the postreinforcement pause?

A

The pause that follow the attainment of a reinforcer in a fixed ratio schedule.

30
Q

Higher ratio requirements produce:

A

Longer postreinforcement pauses.

31
Q

Schedules in which the reinforcer is easily obtained are said to be very:

A

Dense or rich.

32
Q

Schedules where a reinforcer is difficult to obtain are called:

A

Lean.

33
Q

Variable ratio schedules produce a:

A

High and steady rate of response, often with little or no postreinforcement pause.

34
Q

What real-life events are variable ratio schedules associated with?

A

Maladaptive behaviours, like gambling.

35
Q

What do fixed interval schedules produce?

A

A scalloped pattern of responding, consisting of a postreinforcement pause followed by a gradually increasing rate of response as the interval draws to a close.

36
Q

Variable interval schedules produce a:

A

Moderate, steady rate of response, often with little or no postreinforcement pause.

37
Q

Which two intermittent schedules produce a higher rate of response?

A

Fixed ratio and variable ratio.

38
Q

On a duration schedule, reinforcement is contingent on:

A

Performing a behaviour continuously throughout a period of time.

39
Q

What does differential reinforcement mean?

A

One type of response is reinforced, and another is not.

40
Q

How is the DRH a form of differential reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement is given for a high rate of response and not a low one.

41
Q

How is a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) different from a fixed interval schedule?

A

In a DRL, responses that occur in the interval have an adverse effect, because they prevent reinforcement from occurring.

42
Q

Explain differential reinforcement of paced responding (DRP).

A

Reinforcement is contingent on emitting a series of responses at a set rate.

43
Q

What happens if a noncontigent schedule of reinforcement in superimposed on a contingent schedule?

A

Rate of response on the response-dependent schedule will decrease.

44
Q

What does noncontingent reinforcement provide empirical evidence for?

A

Rogers’ theory of unconditional positive regard.

45
Q

What is a complex schedule of reinforcement?

A

A combination of two or more simple schedules.

46
Q

How does a chained schedule differ from a conjunctive schedule?

A

The two component schedules must be completed in a particular order, which is not a requirement of a conjunctive schedule.

47
Q

What is the most efficient way to establish responding on a chained schedule?

A

Train the final link first and the initial link last.

48
Q

What is the process of training the final link first and the initial link last called in reference to chained schedules?

A

Backward chaining.

49
Q

What two things are the basic means by which circus and marine animals are trained to perform?

A

Shaping and chaining.

50
Q

Who came up with drive reduction theory?

A

Hull.

51
Q

What is the Premack principle based on?

A

The idea that reinforcers can often be viewed as behaviours, rather than stimuli.

52
Q

When we view reinforcers as behaviours rather than stimuli, then the process of reinforcement can be conceptualised as a sequence of two behaviours:

A

The behaviour being reinforced, and the behaviour that is the reinforcer.

53
Q

According to the response deprivation hypothesis, what is the preferred level of activity?

A

The baseline level of occurrence when the animal can freely engage in that activity.

54
Q

Explain how the response deprivation approach explains why contingencies of reinforcement are effective.

A

The organism is confronted with the possibility of a response falling below its baseline level.

55
Q

When is a continuous schedule of reinforcement most useful?

A

When a behaviour is first being shaped or strengthened.

56
Q

What are adjunctive behaviours?

A

Innate tendencies that are elicited after a period of waiting (fidgeting).

Learning (Cora) (12 decks)

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