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Learning (Cora) > Operant Conditioning > Flashcards

Operant Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

What is avoidance behaviour?

A

Behaviour that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and therefore prevents its delivery.

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2
Q

What are contrived reinforcers?

A

Reinforces that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behaviour, which are not typical consequence of the behaviour in that setting.

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3
Q

Give another name for contrived reinforcers.

A

Artificial reinforcers.

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4
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

A stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced; a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement.

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5
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus for extinction?

A

A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement.

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6
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus for punishment?

A

A stimulus that signals that a response will be punished.

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7
Q

Define escape behaviour.

A

A behaviour that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.

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8
Q

Define extrinsic reinforcement.

A

The reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behaviour (an extrinsic reinforcer).

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9
Q

What is a generalised (or generalised secondary) reinforcer?

A

A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers.

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10
Q

What is intrinsic reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behaviour, or where the performance of the behaviour is inherently reinforcing.

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11
Q

Explain the law of effect.

A

As stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviours that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened, while behaviours that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state are weakened.

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12
Q

What are natural reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that are a typical consequence of the behaviour in the setting.

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13
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

The removal of a rewarding stimulus after a response, leading to a decrease in the strength of that response.

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14
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

The removal of an aversive stimulus following a response, leading to an increase in the strength of that response.

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15
Q

What is operant behaviour?

A

A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences, which affect the future probability of the strength of those responses.

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16
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

The presentation of an aversive stimulus following a response.

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17
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Presentation of a rewarding stimulus following a response.

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18
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

An event that is innately reinforcing.

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19
Q

Give another name for a primary reinforcer.

A

Unconditioned reinforcer.

20
Q

What is a punisher?

A

An event that follows a behaviour and decreases he future probability of that behaviour.

21
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

An event that follows a behaviour and increases the future probability of that behaviour.

22
Q

Give another name for a secondary reinforcer.

A

Conditioned reinforcer.

23
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer.

24
Q

Define shaping.

A

The gradual creation of new operant behaviour through reinforcement of successive approximations to that behaviour.

25
Q

What is the three-term contingency?

A

The relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behaviour, and a reinforcer or punisher.

26
Q

Why is operant conditioning sometimes called instrumental conditioning?

A

The response is instrumental in producing the consequence.

27
Q

Who first used operant conditioning?

A

Thorndike.

28
Q

Thorndike believed that the intellectual ability of animals could be assessed only through:

A

Systematic investigation.

29
Q

Who is the most prominent psychologist associated with operant conditioning?

A

Skinner.

30
Q

What device did Skinner invent?

A

The operant conditioning chamber.

31
Q

What is Skinner’s procedure known as?

A

The free operant procedure.

32
Q

Why is Skinner’s procedure called the free operant procedure?

A

The rat freely responds with a particular behaviour for food, and it can do so at any rate.

33
Q

What behaviours did Skinner call “operant behaviours”?

A

Voluntary behaviours that are controlled by their consequences.

34
Q

What did Skinner disagree with Thorndike about?

A

Thorndike’s mentalistic description of consequences as either satisfying or annoying.

35
Q

What does Skinner’s principle of operant condition resemble?

A

Darwin’s natural selection.

36
Q

The operant conditioning process can be conceptualised as involving three components:

A

A response that produces a consequence, the consequence that serves to either decrease or increase the probability of the response, and a discriminative stimulus that precedes the response and signals that a certain consequence is now available.

37
Q

Classically conditioned behaviours are elicited by ___, operant behaviours are emitted by the ___.

A

Stimuli, organism.

38
Q

Operant behaviour is usually defined as a:

A

Class of responses.

39
Q

The terms reinforcement and punishment refer to what?

A

The process or procedure by which a consequence changes behaviour.

40
Q

What are reinforcers and punishers defined entirely by?

A

Their effect on behaviour.

41
Q

The terms reinforcer and punisher refer to what?

A

The actual consequences of the behaviour.

42
Q

Explain extinction operantly.

A

The weakening of a behaviour through the withdrawal of reinforcement for that behaviour.

43
Q

When does a contingency of reinforcement exist?

A

If a response is followed by a reinforcer.

44
Q

When does a contingency of punishment exist?

A

If a response is followed by a punisher.

45
Q

Give another name for contingencies.

A

Response-consequence relationships.

46
Q

Negative reinforcement involves two types of behaviour:

A

Escape and avoidance.

47
Q

The more ___ the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behaviour.

A

Immediate.

Learning (Cora) (12 decks)

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