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Learning (Cora) > Applications in Classical Conditioning > Flashcards

Applications in Classical Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

A form of behaviour therapy that attempts to reduce the attractiveness of a desired event by associating it with an aversive stimulus.

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2
Q

Explain the compensatory-response model.

A

A model of conditioning where a conditioned stimulus that has been repeatedly associated with the primary response (a-process) to an unconditioned stimulus will eventually come to elicit a compensatory response (b-process).

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3
Q

What is counterconditioning?

A

The procedure where a conditioned stimulus that elicits one type of response is associated with an event that elicits an incompatible response.

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4
Q

Explain flooding therapy.

A

A behavioural treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, providing maximum opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished.

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5
Q

Define incubation.

A

The strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of brief exposures to the aversive conditioned stimulus.

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6
Q

What is the overexpectation effect?

A

The decrease in the conditioned response that occurs when two separately conditioned conditioned stimuli are combined into a compound stimulus for further pairings with the unconditioned stimulus.

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7
Q

What is the preparatory-response theory?

A

A theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the conditioned response is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus.

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8
Q

Define preparedness.

A

An inherited predisposition within a species to learn certain kinds of associations more easily that others.

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9
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

The process where certain responses are incompatible with each other, and the occurrence of one response inhibits the other.

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10
Q

Explain the Rescorla-Wagner theory.

A

A theory of classical conditioning that proposes that a unconditioned stimulus can support only so much conditioning and that amount of conditioning must be distributed among the various CSs available.

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11
Q

What is selective sensitisation?

A

An increase in one’s reactivity to a potentially fearful stimulus following exposure to an unrelated stressful event.

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12
Q

What is the S-R (stimulus-response) model?

A

A model that assumes that the neutral stimulus becomes directly associated with the unconditioned response and therefore comes to elicit the same response as the unconditioned response.

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13
Q

What is the S-S (stimulus-stimulus) model?

A

A model that assumes that the neutral stimulus becomes directly associated with the unconditioned stimulus, and therefore comes to elicit a response that is related to that unconditioned stimulus.

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14
Q

Explain stimulus-substitution theory.

A

A theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the conditioned stimulus acts as a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus.

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15
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

A behavioural treatment for phobias that involves pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear.

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16
Q

Define temperament.

A

An individual’s base level of emotionality and reactivity to stimulation that, to a large extent, is genetically determined.

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17
Q

Who promoted the S-R approach?

A

Watson and Hull.

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18
Q

Who created stimulus-substitution theory?

A

Pavlov.

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19
Q

Unlike stimulus-substitution theory, preparatory-reponse theory allows for:

A

Situations where the CR and the UR are different.

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20
Q

What is the compensatory-response model similar to?

A

Opponent-process theory.

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21
Q

Which model has important implications for drug addiction?

A

Compensatory-response.

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22
Q

What is the Rescorla-Wagner explanation for overshadowing?

A

There is only so much associative value available for conditioning, and the more salient stimulus in the compound picks up most of the associative value.

23
Q

What is the overexpectation effect associated with?

A

Rescorla-Wagner theory.

24
Q

How do phobias represent overgeneralisation?

A

The conditioned fear response to one event has become generalised to other harmless events.

25
Q

How are real phobias different from Little Albert’s fear conditioning?

A

They usually require only one pairing of the US and CS, and grow stronger over time.

26
Q

Give some variables that may be involved in the development of phobic symptoms. (7)

A

Observational learning, temperament, preparedness, history of control, incubation, US revaluation, and selective sensitisation.

27
Q

How can observational learning be implicated in the development of phobias?

A

Observing a fearful reaction in others.

28
Q

Who named incubation?

A

Eysenck.

29
Q

Name Wolpe’s three basic aspects of systematic desensitisation.

A

Training in relaxation, creation of a hierarchy of imaginary scenes that elicit progressively intense levels of fear, and pairing of each item in the hierarchy with relaxation.

30
Q

Wolpe assumed that systematic desensitisation is a ___ procedure that works through the process of ___ ___.

A

Counterconditioning, reciprocal inhibition.

31
Q

What is the evidence for systematic desensitisation as extinction?

A

The relaxation is not necessary for the fear to reduce.

32
Q

Explain imaginal flooding.

A

The client is asked to vividly visualise a scenario involving the feared event in different situations.

33
Q

What is the treatment of choice for phobic disorders?

A

Exposure-based treatments or exposure therapies.

34
Q

What is aversion therapy called when it is carried out with imaginal stimuli?

A

Covert sensitisation.

35
Q

Give two examples of an S-S association.

A

Blocking and US revaluation.

36
Q

What have modern theories of conditioned attempted to explain (in terms of relationships)?

A

How the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus become associated.

37
Q

Name the phenomenon associated with stimulus-substitution theory.

A

Sign tracking.

38
Q

Why is Pavlov’s theory both a S-R and an S-S theory?

A

On a cognitive level, a relationship forms between the US and NS, but behaviourally it predicts that the conditioned response will be similar to the unconditioned response.

39
Q

What is the compensatory-response model a version of?

A

Preparatory-response theory.

40
Q

Which model has implications for drug tolerance?

A

Compensatory-response model.

41
Q

Stimulus associated with drug-use sometimes elicit ___-___ reactions rather than drug-compensatory reactions.

A

Drug-like.

42
Q

Give the main assumption of Rescorla-Wagner theory.

A

Stronger unconditioned stimuli support more conditioning.

43
Q

In Rescorla-Wagner theory, what does V stand for?

A

The associative value of the conditioned stimulus.

44
Q

How does Rescorla-Wagner theory account for blocking?

A

The stimulus can acquire no associative value because all of the associative value has already been assigned to the first stimuli.

45
Q

What does it mean to say that a CS has high associative value?

A

It is a strong predictor of the unconditioned stimulus.

46
Q

Who originally proposed preparedness?

A

Valentine.

47
Q

Explain history of control.

A

A history of being able to control important events in the environment.

48
Q

Eysenck claimed that systematic desensitisation is:

A

Extinction.

49
Q

What principle is flooding based on?

A

Extinction.

50
Q

Give three names for the therapeutic use of modelling.

A

Participant modeling, contact desensitisation, or guided participation.

51
Q

Describe taste aversion conditioning.

A

Pairing the taste of a substance with nausea.

52
Q

Covert sensitisation will be less/more effective than aversion therapy.

A

Less.

53
Q

Classical conditioning has important implications for understanding the ___ effect.

A

Placebo.

54
Q

In classical conditioning terms, the placebo effect can be seen as the result of what?

A

Pairing the neutral stimulus (appearance of the drug) with the unconditioned stimulus (ingredients of the drug).

Learning (Cora) (12 decks)

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