Scheduled Performance Flashcards

1
Q

Define MAC.

A

Mean Aerodynamic Chord

The chord of an imaginary aerofoil that is rectangular but with the same area and aerodynamic properties as the actual wing.

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2
Q

What is the MAC for the Phenom?

A

1.64m

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3
Q

Define payload.

A

The weight of the occupants, baggage, and cabinet contents.

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4
Q

What makes up Ramp Weight?

A

The Zero Fuel Weight + all fuel.

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5
Q

What is a moment?

A

A turning effect of any weight about a point of balance.

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6
Q

What is the expected probability of an aircraft suffering a structural failure over its planned life?

A

1:1000

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7
Q

What is meant by metal fatigue?

A

The propagation of cracks due to repeated cycles of stress.

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8
Q

Define stress.

A

Load force per unit of cross sectional area.

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9
Q

Define strain.

A

Deformation due to stress.

(i.e. deformation per unit length)

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10
Q

What graph maps the relationship between stress levels and endurance?

A

S-N Curve

  • S - Percentage of ultimate stress.
  • N - number of cycles to failure.
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11
Q

What design philosophy requires the regular monitoring of cracks for acceptable damage?

A

Damage Tolerance

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12
Q

What are the four design philosophies for fatigue management?

A
  1. Infinite Lifetime - over-engineered;
  2. Safe Life - fixed life with no significant failure;
  3. Fail Safe - no single failure will be catastrophic;
  4. Damage Tolerance - monitoring visible cracks.
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13
Q

What is the main form of lower wing stress?

A

Tensile (tension) stress.

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14
Q

For a Perf. A aircraft, what is the normal screen height?

A

35ft

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15
Q

For a Perf. A aircraft, what is the screen height for wet runway conditions?

A

15ft

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16
Q

Define V1.

A

Decision Speed

  • The max speed during T/O at which the pilot must have taken the first action (close thrust levers) to stop the aircraft within the ASDA.
  • The minimum speed during T/O following a failure of the critical power unit at which the pilot can continue and T/O and achieve screen height within the TODA.
  • VMCG < V1 < VR & VMBE.
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17
Q

What is the purpose of SP?

A

To calculate the max regulated T/O weight in given conditions.

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18
Q

What is the difference between gross and net performance?

A
  • Gross performance* is the average actual performance of an aircraft (flown iaw prescribed techniques).
  • Net performance* is gross performance less an applied safety factor.
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19
Q

How many stages can SP be broken into, and at what points does each stage commence and conclude?

A

6 stages, however only 4 are usually used.

  1. Take Off - Brake Release Point to Screen Height.
  2. Take Off Climb - Screen Height to 1500 above surface datum.
  3. En-Route - 1500ft above departure surface datum to 1500ft above destination surface datum.
  4. Landing - 1500ft above destination surface datum to a full stop.
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20
Q

What is a clearway?

A

A defined area under the aerodrome authority, either side of the runway centreline and at the end of the runway, that is cleared of obstacles that would affect the initial climb.

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21
Q

What condition is assumed if an airfield is described as a balanced field?

A

TODA = ASDA

(i.e. it ignores the clearway)

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22
Q

Define stopway.

A

A rectangular area at the end of, and same width as, the runway designated as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case of an aborted T/O.

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23
Q

What do the letters in EASA stand for?

A

European Aviation Safety Agency

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24
Q

Define VR.

A

Rotation Speed

The speed at which the pilot initiates rotation with the intention of becoming airborne.

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25
Q

What classification is the Phenom with respect to SP planning?

A

Perf. A

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26
Q

Define TORA.

A

Take Off Run Avaliable

The length of runway avaliable for the take off run.

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27
Q

Define ASDA.

A

Acceleration Stop Distance Available

The TORA plus any stopway.

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28
Q

Define TODA.

A

Take Off Distance Avaliable

The area avaliable, under airfield authority, cleared of obstacles and thus avaliable between BRP and attaining screen height.

Limited to a max of 1.5 TORA.

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29
Q

What speed should you attain by the end of the TODA?

A

V2

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30
Q

What does the Weight, Pressure Altitude, Temperature (WAT) limit affect?

A

The climb gradient.

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31
Q

Should V1 be higher or lower than usual in wet conditions?

A

Lower, it allows for longer stopping distance on a wet surface.

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32
Q

Define VMBE.

A

Max Brake Energy Speed

The highest speed on the ground from which the aircraft can safely stop within the energy capabilities of the brakes.

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33
Q

What determines a T/O Climb segment change?

A

A configuration (or thrust setting) change.

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34
Q

What modelled climb gradient must be sufficient to miss all obstacles within the defined T/O climb domain?

A

One Engine Inoperative (OEI) net climb gradient.

The OEI conditions assume the critical engine is inoperative.

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35
Q

By what vertical distance must the aircraft clear obstacles in the T/O Climb?

A

35ft

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36
Q

By how much, and under what circumstances does the avoidance height increase during the T/O Climb?

A

Increases to 50ft if 15º AoB used

(and/or maybe a heading change of 15º who the fuck knows)

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37
Q

What’s a good noise abatement speed?

A

V2 + 10 kts

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38
Q

What defines the start of the T/O Climb stage?

A

Screen height at V2.

39
Q

What is the required clearance of obstacles during the drift down?

A

2000ft and 5nm

40
Q

What is the horizontal avoidance distance during a drift down without GPS?

A

10nm

41
Q

What is the obstacle avoidance criteria once the aircraft has reached it’s stabilised altitude?

A

1000ft and 5nm

42
Q

When do you achieve drift down stablisation altitude?

A

When you have a 0% negative climb gradient.

43
Q

What is the required power setting and climb speed for a drift down?

A
  • Max. Cont. Thrust on the live engine.
  • Best climb speed OR calculated drift down speed
44
Q

What does ETOPS stand for?

A

Extended Range Twin-Engine Operations

45
Q

Long Range Cruise speed is ……….% slower than Max Speed Cruise but gives ……….% more range (in the Phenom).

A

Long Range Cruise speed is 25% slower than Max Speed Cruise but gives 20% more range.

46
Q

What does ETOPS require?

A

Type approval and crew certification.

47
Q

What % of tailwind and headwind is considered during the T/O stage?

A
  • 150% of tailwind;
  • 50% of headwind.
48
Q

What percentage of runway slope is considered during the landing stage?

A
  • 100% negative slope
  • 0% positive slope
49
Q

Define the landing distance.

A

From 50ft above threshold to a complete stop.

50
Q

What is the approach climb gradient?

A

The required climb gradient should a go around be required with One Engine Inoperative (OEI).

51
Q

What is the landing climb gradient?

A

The required climb gradient if a go around is initiated from touchdown at idle thrust. It is assumed both engines are operative and the gear is down.

52
Q

What percentage of the Landing Distance Avaliable must the Landing Distance Required be within for jet aircraft?

A

60%

53
Q

Define C of G.

A

Centre of Gravity

The position where mass is considered to be concentrated for the purpose of balance. Expressed as a % MAC.

54
Q

What should you do if nearing the MDA/MDH and the approach is unstable?

A

Go Around.

55
Q

What obstacles are significant in the T/O domain?

A

All obstacles.

56
Q

How is the climb gradient calculated?

A

The ratio between vertical distance and horizontal distance, multiplied by 100.

57
Q

Where does the Landing Segment begin?

A

1500ft above the surface datum of the destination for Perf. A aircraft.

(1000ft for Perf. B)

58
Q

What is the Critical Point?

A

The point between 2 airfields from which it would take the same time to fly to either airfield.

59
Q

Why would an aircraft hold island fuel?

A

Island airports can be remote, with no suitable diversion. If the destination airfield suddenly becomes unavailable then it allows for greater holding time.

60
Q

What is the Point of No Return?

A

The furthest point along a route from an aircraft’s departure airfield to which it can fly and still return to that airfield within its safe endurance.

61
Q

What is the Last Point of Diversion?

A

A point along the track, beyond which it is impossible to reach the nominated diversion airfield safely.

62
Q

How does the Phenom achieve best range?

A
  • Flying at the highest altitude it can maintain;
  • Flying at 1.32 VMD;
  • Engines at the optimum power setting.
63
Q

How does the Phenom achieve best endurance?

A
  • Flying at VMD;
  • Flying at the optimum altitude.
64
Q

Define the S-N curve.

A

The S-N curve is the relationship between applied alternating stress levels and the endurance to failure of a material, illustrated on a graph.

65
Q

In SP planning, what altitude is used?

A

Pressure Altitude.

(i.e. Flight Level - altimeters set to STD BARO)

66
Q

Define VFS.

A

Final Segment Speed

The speed to be achieved for the final segment of the T/O flight path with the critical engine inoperative, landing gear up and flaps retracted.

67
Q

Define VAC.

A

Approach Climb Speed

The missed approach climb speed for flap configuration with critical engine inoperative.

68
Q

Define VREF.

A

Reference Landing Speed

The speed of the aircraft, in the specified landing configuration, at 50ft above the threshold, which is used to determine the landing distance required.

69
Q

Define V2.

A

Take Off Safety Speed

The target speed to be attained at the 35ft screen height following the failure of the critical engine.

70
Q

Define VMCG.

A

Ground Minimum Control Speed

The minimum speed on the ground at which a critical engine failure on T/O can occur and control of the aircraft can be maintained within defined limits.

71
Q

What is the maximum horizontal distance obstacles must be avoided by in the T/O flight path, assuming turns below 15º AoB, and under GPS?

A

300m

72
Q

What is the Drift Down technique?

A

Set max continuous thrust on remaining power units and maintain altitude until speed reduces to the drift down speed.

73
Q

What is the maximum practical cruise altitude?

A

The altitude at which the margin of thrust available will enable a net minimum 300 fpm rate of climb.

74
Q

What 5 things must be complete for an approach to be considered stable?

A
  1. All briefings & pre-landing checks complete;
  2. Aircraft is in planned landing configuration;
  3. In trim, on centreline, and correct glidepath;
  4. Approach speed is between +10kts and -5kts of required;
  5. Appropriate thrust is set for approach speed and configuration.
75
Q

How far beyond the published runway Pavement Classification Number (PCN) may airport authorities allow an Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) to be for one-off occasional use?

A

Up to 50%. Aircraft with an ACN >50% higher than a runway PCN will only be permitted to use it in an emergency.

76
Q

The approach climb gradient must not be less than ……….% for twin engined aircraft, assuming what?

A

2.1%

Assuming:

  • Critical engine inoperative with live engine at TO/GA;
  • Gear up;
  • Flaps set to approach;
  • Speed at VAC.
77
Q

Landing climb gradient must not be less than ……….% assuming what?

A

3.2%

Assuming:

  • All engines operating with power available 8 seconds after moving thrust levers from IDLE to TO/GA;
  • Gear down;
  • Flaps at land;
  • Speed VREF.
78
Q

What is FRES fuel in the Phenom?

A

Final Reserve Fuel

250kg.

Also known as Minimum Overhead Diversion Fuel.

79
Q

What is Gross Fuel Consumption (GFC)?

A

Fuel used over time (kg/hr)

= Fuel Flow

80
Q

What is Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)?

A

Fuel used per unit of thrust.

81
Q

What is Specific Air Range?

A

Distance travelled per unit of fuel (NM/kg).

82
Q

What is Block Fuel?

A

The total fuel required for the flight.

83
Q

What is Taxy Fuel?

A

Fuel used for start up and taxy.

84
Q

What is Trip Fuel?

A

The fuel required from Brake Release on T/O to the landing touchdown.

85
Q

What is Contingency Fuel?

A

Fuel carried to account for any additional en-route fuel consumption due to adverse winds, routing changes, or ATC restrictions. The minimum recommended is the greater of either 5% trip fuel or 5 minutes holding fuel at 1500ft.

86
Q

What is Alternate Fuel?

A

The fuel required from the missed approach point at the planned destination airfield until landing at the alternate diversion airfield.

87
Q

What is Final Reserve Fuel?

A

The minimum fuel required to fly for 30 minutes in a holding pattern at 1500 above the alternate diversion airfield.

88
Q

What is Minimum Diversion Fuel?

A

Alternate Fuel + Final Reserve Fuel

89
Q

What is Additional Fuel?

A

Fuel required to comply with a specific regulation or operational requirement (e.g. ETOPS or Island Holding fuel).

90
Q

What is Extra Fuel?

A

Fuel added at the discretion of the captain or authoriser.

91
Q

What is the maximum TODA?

A

1.5x TORA

92
Q

In ………. stage, with OEI, the ………. climb gradient must be sufficient to ………. .

A

In T/O climb stage, with OEI, the net climb gradient must be sufficient to clear any obstacles by the required margin.

93
Q

What % of tailwind is considered when calculating the Landing Distance Required?

A

150%