Scalp and Superficial Face Flashcards
What are the 5 layers of the scalp from superficial to deep?
Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose CT Pericranium
In what layer of the scalp would you find passage for nerves, arteries, and veins?
Connective tissue plane
Emissary veins drain the ______ layer of the scalp to the dural venous sinuses
Loose CT
What are the 2 primary arterial sources for the vasculature of the superficial face and scalp?
Internal carotid a.
External carotid a.
The primary arterial supply of the superficial face and scalp stems from either the internal carotid a. or external carotid a. What are the branches of these vessels present on the scalp?
Internal carotid a.:
Supratrochlear a.
Supraorbital a.
External carotid a.:
Superficial temporal a.
Posterior auricular a.
Occipital a.
What are the nerves supplying the scalp?
Supratrochlear n. (CN V1) Supraorbital n. (CN V1) Zygomaticotemporal n. (CN V2) Auriculotemporal n. (CN V3) Lesser occipital n. (C2,C3) Great occipital n. (C2)
The neurocranial aponeurosis connects what 2 muscles of the scalp?
Frontalis m.
Occipitalis m.
Failure to repair large, horizontal lacerations of the _____ of the scalp can cause the frontalis m. to contract asymmetrically, which can cause a significan cosmetic deformity of the forehead.
Closure of galea lacerations is also important for protection of the _______ that is vulnerable to infection
Aponeurosis
Loose CT
Why is the 4th layer of the scalp considered the most dangerous area?
This is the loose areolar tissue - at risk of infection in subaponeurotic space with pus collection which can readily spread to intracranial sinuses through the valveless emissary veins
Why do deep lacerations to the scalp tend to bleed profusely? (3 primary reasons)
- The pull of the occipitofrontalis m. prevents the closure of bleeding vessel and surrounding skin
- The blood vessels to the scalp are adhered to dense CT, preventing vasoconstriction that normally occurs in response to damage
- The blood supply to the scalp is made up of many anastomoses, which contribute to profuse bleeding
T/F: loss of blood supply to the scalp leads to bone necrosis
False; it does not lead to bone necrosis as most of the blood supply to the skull comes from the middle meningeal a.
T/F: the maxillary bone is considered a paired facial bone
True
The major vessels from the external carotid supplying the superficial face and scalp are the facial a., occipital a., posterior auricular a., and superficial temporal a.
Of these, the facial a. has 4 branches — what are they
Inferior labial a.
Superior labial a.
Lateral nasal a.
Angular a. (Terminal branch)
Other vessels supplying the superficial face and scalp include the ____ a., which is a terminal branch of the inferior alveolar a.; as well as the supraorbital a. and supratrochlear a., the lateral and medial ______ aa. which are terminal branches of the ophthlamic a. arising from the _________ a.
Mental; palpebral; internal carotid
Most of the venous drainage of the superficial face and scalp occurs via ______ vv.
External jugular
T/F: as a general rule, cranial nerves innervate the anterior head and face, while spinal nerves innervate posterior head and scalp
True
What 4 nerves supply somatosensory innervation to the face and scalp?
Trigeminal n.
Greater occipital n.
Lesser occipital n.
Greater auricular n.
What n. supplies somatomotor innervation to the face and scalp?
Facial n.