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Neuro Exam 1 > Histology of the Eye and Ear > Flashcards

Histology of the Eye and Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Special sebaceous glands whose secretion retards evaporation of tears

A

Tarsal (meibomian) glands

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2
Q

Blockage of Tarsal (Meibomian) glands leads to _______, or inflammation of the gland

A

Chalazion

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3
Q

Infections of these glands causes a “stye”

A

Sebaceous (Zeis) gland of eyelashes

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4
Q

Gland that produces tears; located beneath the conjunctiva

A

Lacrimal gland

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5
Q

The lacrimal gland is made up of ____ ____ glands; approximately 12 ducts empty beneath the upper lid; drains into ______ duct

A

Tubuloacinar serous

Nasolacrimal

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6
Q

2 types of conjunctiva lining the space between the inner eyelid and ending just lateral to the cornea

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

Bulbar conjunctiva

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7
Q

The palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva are made up of thin mucous membrane with _____________ epithelium + _____ cells

A

Stratified columnar; goblet

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8
Q

Development of the eye begins with evagination of _______ from the forebrain, forming the _____ _____

A

Neuroectoderm; optic vesicles

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9
Q

Invagination of the optic vesicle forms the ____ _____, connected to the forebrain by an ____ ____

A

Optic cup; optic stalk

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10
Q

Optic vesicles induce overlying ______, forming a lens vesicle located within the cup

A

Ectoderm

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11
Q

The inner layer of the optic cup forms the ____ _____

The outer layer of the optic cup forms the ____ ____ ____

A

Neural retina

Retinal pigmented epithelium

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12
Q

The inner layer of the optic cup forms the neural retina while the outer layer forms the retinal pigmented epithelium. What 3 things does the outer mesenchyme form?

A

Choroid
Sclera
Cornea

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13
Q

What is formed by the rim of the optic cup

A

Iris

Ciliary body

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14
Q

Ectoderm overlying the lens vesicle forms the lid and ______ ____ ____

A

Outer corneal epithelium

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15
Q

During eye development, blood vessels enter via a groove called the ___ ___

A

Optic fissure

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16
Q

What is the site where detached retina occurs?

A

Inner/outer optic cup layers

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17
Q

3 basic layers of the eye from outer to inner

A

Corneosclera

Vascular coat (uvea)

Retina

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18
Q

The corneoscleral layer of the eye is the outer fibrous coat, and is penetrated by the _____ n.

It consists of the sclera and retina

A

Optic

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19
Q

Composition of the sclera

A

Dense CT

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20
Q

What part of the corneoscleral layer of the eye do extrinsic mm attach to?

A

Sclera

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21
Q

The anterior surface of the cornea is transparent and continuous with the _____

A

Sclera

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22
Q

3 components of the vascular coat (Uvea) layer of the eye

A

Choroid

Stroma of ciliary body

Stroma of iris

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23
Q

Describe function of choroid contained in vascular coat (uvea) layer of the eye

A

Heavily pigmented; absorbs scattered light

Rich blood vessels lined with fenestrated capillaries for providing nutrients to retina

Well-attached to retina

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24
Q

Which part of the vascular coat (uvea) of the eye contains the ciliary mm responsible for accommodation?

A

Stroma of ciliary body

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25
Q

Function of stroma of iris (part of vascular coat/uvea layer of eye)

A

Contractile diaphragm where pupil is central aperture

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26
Q

The inner coat of the eye is the retina, which rests on the _____

A

Choroid

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27
Q

3 components of the retina layer of the eye

A

Epithelium of ciliary body and iris

Neural retina

Retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)

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28
Q

Function of neural retina

A

Contains photoreceptors and support cells

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29
Q

4 primary functions of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) in retina layer of eye

A

Absorbs light

Prevents reflections

Major component of blood-retinal barrier

Phagocytosis

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30
Q

3 chambers of the eye

A

Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
Vitreous (body) chamber

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31
Q

The anterior chamber of the eye is the space between the ____ and ____

A

Cornea; iris

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32
Q

The posterior chamber of the eye is the space between the posterior surface of the ______ and the anterior surface of the ______

A

Iris; lens

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33
Q

The vitreous chamber of the eye is the space between the posterior surface of the _____ and the ____ ____

A

Lens; neural retina

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34
Q

The vitreous chamber of the eye is filled with ____ ____ to help maintain its shape; it is made up of 99% water with proteins and hyaluronan

A

Vitreous humor

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35
Q

_____ = thick fibrous opaque layer pierced by blood vessels and posteriorly by optic n.

A

Sclera

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36
Q

Chief refractive element of eye that is continuous with sclera, made up of 5 layers

A

Cornea

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37
Q

5 layers of cornea from superficial to deep

A 
Corneal epithelium
Bowman’s membrane
Corneal stroma
Descemet’s membrane
Corneal endothelium
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38
Q

Corneal epithelium type

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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39
Q

Stem cells for the corneal epithelium are located in the ____ region

A

Limbus

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40
Q

Anterior basement membrane for corneal epithelium

A

Bowman’s membrane

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41
Q

Describe orientation of cells in corneal stroma, as well as its vascularization

A

Unique orientation of cells and stroma

Avascular

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42
Q

Very thick posterior basement membrane for corneal endothelium

A

Descemet’s membrane

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43
Q

Corneal endothelium type

A

Simple squamous epithlium facing the anterior chamber

44
Q

T/F: the corneoscleral coat is not innervated

A

False; it is well innervated with afferent nerves extending to the surface

45
Q

The vascular coat of the eye consists of what 3 components?

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

46
Q

The choroid of the vascular coat consists of an inner vascular layer (choriocapillary) and ______ membrane which is a thick amorphous ECM layer

A

Bruch’s

47
Q

The _____ ____ is comprised of 17-34 thickened ridges of anterior vascular coat located between the iris and choroid

A

Ciliary body

48
Q

Smooth muscle originating at corneoscleral junction; drives accommodation of the lens

A

Ciliary muscle

49
Q

Function of ciliary processes in vascular coat of eye

A

Secretion of aqueous humor and formation and anchoring of zonular fibers forming suspensory ligament of the lens

50
Q

_____ forms the contractile diaphragm in front of the lens

A

Iris

51
Q

The iris arises from the anterior border of the ____ _____; the pupil is the central aperture.

It contains ______ (radial band) and ______ ______ (circular band) mm., as well as posterior pigmented epithelium

A

Ciliary body

Dilator; sphincter pupillae

52
Q

Aqueous humor is secreted into the ____ chamber by ciliary processes.

Fluid passes through the pupil to enter the ______ chamber. Excess fluid is taken up by ____ _____, aka the trabecular network and canal of Schlemm

A

Posterior

Anterior; limbus apparatus

53
Q

Named angle between the sclera/iris and ciliary muscle seen on histological slide

A

Iridocorneal angle

54
Q

Functions of aqueous humor

A

Provides nutrients and oxygen to avascular structures and maintains ocular shape

55
Q

Risks of excess aqueous humor production

A

Increased intraocular pressure, may lead to glaucoma

56
Q

The lens is a transparent, bi-concave structure suspended by _____ fibers

A

Zonular

57
Q

3 components of lens

A

Capsule

Subcapsular lens epithelium

Lens fibers

58
Q

Composition of lens capsule

A

Flexible, elastic ECM

59
Q

Cells on the periphery of the subcapsular lens epithelium proliferate and migrate to make mature lens fibers cells.

What happens to the rate of this proliferation/migration with age?

A

Decreases

60
Q

Describe composition of lens fibers cells

A

Filled with crystallins (all organelles are lost)

Central lens nucleus laid down during embryonic/fetal development

61
Q

Lens accomodation is provided by tension from ciliary body, transmitted via ______ fibers, thus changing lens shape

A

Zonular

62
Q

Condition characterized by loss of lens elasticity with age

A

Presbyopia

63
Q

Condition characterized by loss of transparency of lens or capsule

A

Cataracts

64
Q

The retinal pigmented layer is a layer of ______________ epithelial cells resting on _____ membrane of the choroid

A

Simple cuboidal; Bruch’s

65
Q

3 primary functions of retinal pigmented layer

A

Serves as blood-neural retinal barrier (from choroid) — absorbs stray light

Phagocytoses membranous discs shed from rods and cones

Isomerizes all-trans RA to 11-cis RA, transporting it back to photoreceptors

66
Q

What layer of the retina contains photosensory cells but does not contain lymphatics?

A

Neural retina

67
Q

Blind spot in retina where optic nn from ganglion layer exit the eye

A

Optic disc

68
Q

10 layers of retina

A
  1. RPE (not part of neural retina)
  2. Rod/cone ends of photoreceptors
  3. Outer limiting membrane
  4. Outer nuclear layer
  5. Outer plexiform layer
  6. Inner nuclear layer
  7. Inner plexiform layer
  8. Ganglion layer
  9. Layer of optic n. fibers
  10. Inner limiting membrane
69
Q

Which retinal layer serves as the apical boundary of Muller cells (row of zona adherens attaching apical ends of Muller cells)?

A

Outer limiting membrane

70
Q

Which retinal layer contains cell bodies (nuclei) of photoreceptor cells?

A

Outer nuclear layer

71
Q

Which retinal layer contains processes of rods/cones, as well as the horizontal, amacrine, and bipolar cells connecting them?

A

Outer plexiform layer

72
Q

Which retinal layer contains cell bodies of horizontal, amacrine, and bipolar cells, as well as the nuclei of muller cells?

A

Inner nuclear layer

73
Q

Which retinal layer contains processes of interconnecting ganglion, amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells?

A

Inner plexiform layer

74
Q

Which retinal layer contains cell bodies (nuclei) of ganglion cells?

A

Ganglion layer

75
Q

Which retinal layer contains processes of ganglion cells?

A

Layer of optic nerve fibers

76
Q

Which retinal layer forms the inner limiting membrane of Muller cells?

A

Inner limiting membrane

77
Q

Which are more numerous - rod cells or cone cells?

A

Rod cells

120 million rod/7 million cone photoreceptor cells

78
Q

Which are more sensitive - rod cells or cone cells?

A

Rod cells

79
Q

3 classes of cone cells

A

Blue
Green
Red

80
Q

Area of highest concentration of cones; avascular; and surrounded by macula lutea

A

Fovea centralis

81
Q

In terms of visual pigments, rods have ______, and cones have ______

A

Rhodopsin; iodopsin

82
Q

General structure of rods and cones

A

Outer segment: photosensitive part comprised of series of plasma membrane discs; discs connected to inner segment via modified cilium; discs shed during normal functioning; phagocytosed by RPE cells

Connecting stalk: contains basal body of cilium

Inner segment: major organelles

83
Q

Autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the Rb gene on chromosome 13q14.1

A

Retinoblastoma

84
Q

What type of gene is Rb

A

Tumor suppressor gene (G1–>S transition in cell cycle)

85
Q

Clinical features of retinoblastoma

A

Malignant tumor of retina that develops in children younger than 5

Leukocoria (white pupil) — abnormal white light reflection off retina

Strabismus — misalignment of eyes

86
Q

Auditory portion of inner ear

A

Cochlea

87
Q

What are the 3 components of the vestibular portion of the inner ear?

A

Semicircular canals, utricle, saccule

88
Q

The _____ _____ is what interconnects the cavities and canals within inner ear bones, including semicircular canals, vestibule (saccule+utricle), and cochlea

A

Bony labyrinth

89
Q

The _____ _____ lies within the bony labyrinth and consists of small sacs and tubules forming continuous spaces enclosed by an epithelium

A

Membranous labyrinth

90
Q

3 spaces associated with membranous labyrinth of inner ear

A

Endolymphatic space: within membranous labyrinth

Perilymphatic space: between bony and membranous labyrinths

Corticolymphatic space: lies within organ of Corti

91
Q

Spiral space within bone containing cochlear duct

A

Cochlear canal

92
Q

The ____ ____ divides cochlear canal into 3 parallel soft tissue-lined compartments.

What are the 3 compartments?

A

Cochlear duct

3 compartments:
Scala media
Scala vestibule
Scala tympani

93
Q

The scala media (cochlear duct) is the middle compartment which contains _______

It consists of the ____ ____, which is the lateral wall of scala media and the source of the above substance

A

Endolymph; stria vascularis

94
Q

Turnover of endolymph in the scala media involves resorption into what structures via the endolymphatic duct and sac?

A

Dural venous sinuses

95
Q

The scala vestibule contains ______ moved by the stapes at the ____ window; it is continuous with the scala tympani

The scala tympani is connected to the ____ window

A

Perilymph; oval

Round

96
Q

What specialized structure is found on the floor of scala media resting on the basilar membrane?

A

Organ of corti

97
Q

Inner spiraling bony shelf serving as support for tectorial membrane and spiral ganglia

A

Outer spiral lamina (OSL)

98
Q

Composition of organ of corti

A

Hair cells (sensory)

Inner and outer phalangeal cells (support for hair cells)

Pillar cells (support between basilar membrane and tympanic lip)

99
Q

In the organ of corti, there are 3 rows of outer hair cells and a single row of inner hair cells.

_____ of hair cells is embedded in overlying _____ membrane extending from the spiral lamina

Basilar membrane vibrates with sound, causing deflection of these structures; this is what initiates neural transduction carried by the ____ n.

A

Stereocilia; tectorial

Cochlear

100
Q

Path of sound waves

A

Sound waves enter ear and cause TM to vibrate

TM vibration moves auditory ossicles; sound waves amplified

Stapes at oval window generates pressure waves in perilymph within scala vestibuli

Pressure waves cause vestibular membrane movement —> pressure wave formation in endolymph in cochlear duct and displacement of hair cells in organ of corti, initiating nerve signal in cochlear branch of CN VIII

Remaining pressure waves are transferred to scala tympani and exit inner ear via round window

101
Q

The 3 semicircular canals are oriented in 3 axes. They are filled with ______ and are connected to utricle. Ends of canals have ______ with gelatinous-like cap called a cupulla (innervated hair cells with stereocilia are attached here).

The _____ is displaced by fluid motion within canal which serves as sensor of rotational velocity

A

Endolymph; ampullaris

Cupulla

102
Q

The vestibule contains the ____ and _____.

Of these structures, each contain a ________ which is comprised of clusters of hair cells with stereocilia with overlying gelatinous material called the ______ membrane. This membrane is covered with calcium carbonate/protein crystals called _______.

This serves as sensor for gravity and ______ acceleration

A

Utricle; saccule

Macula; otolithic; otoconia

Linear

103
Q

3 parts of audio-vestibular system

A

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

104
Q

3 sensory systems in audio-vestibular system

A

Audition
Rotational velocity
Gravity/linear acceleration

105
Q

3 nerves in internal acoustic meatus

A

Vestibular n.
Acoustic n.
Facial n.

106
Q

How many maculae are present in the audio-vestibular system?

A

Only TWO maculae, responsible for detecting linear acceleration in THREE dimensions

Neuro Exam 1 (17 decks)

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