Blue Boxes Flashcards
Most common symptom of head injury
Disturbance in level of consciousness
What serious intracranial problems may be indicated by headaches?
Brain tumor
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Meningitis
Condition characterized by severe throbbing or stabbing pain in the course of a nerve caused by a demyelinating lesion
Neuralgia
The ____ ___ are relatively sharp bone ridges in the face; consequently, a blow to them (e.g., during boxing) may lacerate the skin and cause bleeding
Superciliary arches
The ____ bone was once called the malar bone. Malar flush refers to redness of the skin covering this bone in association with a fever occuring with certain diseases such as ___ or ____
Zygomatic; tuberculosis; SLE
3 common variants of fractures of the maxillae
Le Fort I = horizontal fracture passing superior to maxillary alveolar process (i.e. to roots of teeth), crossing the bony nasal septum and possibly the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
Le Fort II = passes from posterolateral parts of the maxillary sinuses superomedially through infra-orbital foramina, lacrimals, or ethmoids to the bridge of the nose resulting in separation of entire central part of the face from the rest of the cranium
Le Fort III = horizontal fracture pasing through superior orbital fissures and the ethmoid and nasal bones, extending laterally through greater wings of sphenoid and frontozyogmatic sutures. Concurrent fracture of zygomatic arches causes maxillae and zygomatic bones to separate from rest of cranium
A broken mandible usually involves how many fractures? Why is this important?
Two. If one fracture is observed, it is important to look for another.
A hard blow to the jaw often fractures the neck and body of the mandible in the region of the opposite canine tooth
Fractures of the ____ process of the mandible are uncommon and usually single
Fractures of the ____ of the mandible are often transverse and may be associated with dislocation of the TMJ on the same side
Fractures of the ____ of the mandible are usually oblique and may involve the bony socket or alveolus of the 3rd molar tooth
Fractures of the ____ of the mandible frequently pass through the socket of the canine tooth
Coronoid
Neck
Angle
Body
Extraction of teeth causes the ____ bone to resorb in the affected region. Following complete loss or extraction of _____ or ____ teeth, the tooth sockets begin to fill with bone, and the alveolar process begins to resorb.
Gradually, the _____ foramen lies near the superior border of the body of the mandible. In some cases, this foramen disappears, exposing its associated nn. to injury
Alveolar; maxillary; mandibular
Mental
Overclosure of the jaw resulting from loss of all teeth and decreased vertical facial dimension
Mandibular prognathism
Hard blows to thin areas of the calvaria are likely to produce ____ fractures, in which bone fragment is pushed inward, compressing and/or injuring the brain
Depressed
Most frequent type of depressed fracture of calvaria
Linear calvarial fractures — usually occur at point of impact, but fracture lines often radiate away from it in 2+ directions
In _____ fractures of calvaria, the bone is broken into several pieces
Comminuted
If the area of the calvaria is thick at the site of impact, the bone may bend inward without fracturing; however, a fracture may occur some distance from the site of direct trauma where the calvaria is thinner
In a _____ fracture of the calvaria, no fracture occurs at the point of impact, but one occurs on the opposite side of the cranium
Contrecoup (counterblow)
Surgeons access the cranial cavity and brain by performing a ______, in which a section of ____, called a bone flap, is elevated or removed.
Because the adult pericranium has poor osteogenic properties, little regeneration occurs after bone loss so surgically produced bone flaps must be wired to other parts of calvaria. If the bone flap is not replaced, the procedure is called a ______
Craniotomy; neurocranium
Craniectomy
The bones of the calvaria and some parts of the cranial base develop by _____ ossification.
Most parts of the cranial base develop by _____ ossification
Intramembranous
Endochondral
The large size of the calvaria in infants results from precocious growth and development of the ___ and ___
Brain; eyes
The halves of the frontal bone in the neonate are separated by the _____ ____, the frontal and parietal bones are separated by the _____ ____, and the maxillae and mandibles are separated by the ____ ____ and ______ ____ (secondary cartilaginous joint) respectively.
Frontal suture; coronal suture; intermaxillary suture; mandibular symphysis
There are no mastoid and styloid processes at birth. What does this mean for the facial nn?
The facial nn are close to the surface when they emerge from the stylomastoid foramina, so they may be injured by forceps during a difficult delivery or later by an incision posterior to the auricle of the external ear (for tx of mastoiditis or middle ear problems)
The mastoid processes form gradually during the first year as the ____ muscles complete their development and pull on the petromastoid parts of the temporal bones
SCM
The bones of the calvaria in a neonate are separated by fibrous membranes called _____
Fontanelles
Neonatal fontanelles include anterior, posterior, and paired sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelles. Palpation of these during infancy enables the physician to determine what 3 things?
- Progress of growth of frontal and parietal bones
- Degree of hydration (depressed fontanelle indicates dehydration)
- Level of intracranial pressure
What is the largest fontanelle?
Anterior
It is bounded by halves of frontal bone anteriorly and parietal bones posteriorly, thus it is located at the junction of the sagittal, coronal, and frontal sutures — the future site of bregma
By ___ months of age, the surrounding bones have fused and the anterior fontanelle is no longer clinically palpable
18
When a remnant of the frontal suture remains, it is called the ____ suture
Metopic
The ____ fontanelle is bounded by parietal bones anteriorly and the occipital bone posteriorly; located at the junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures, closed by the end of the 1st year
Posterior
The sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelles are overlain by the _____ m., they fuse during infancy
Temporalis
T/F: the halves of the mandible fuse early in the 2nd year of life, while the 2 maxillae and nasal bones usually do not fuse
True
Union between the halves of the mandible is effected by means of ________; this union begins during the 1st year and is complete by year 2.
Fibrocartilage
Concurrent enlargement of the frontal and facial regions is associated with an increase in the size of the _____ _____, the air-filled extensions of the nasal cavities in certain cranial bones
Paranasal sinuses
Most paranasal sinuses are rudimentary or absent at birth. Growth of these sinuses is important in altering face shape and adding resonance to voice
The obliteration of cranial sutures begins between age 30-40 on the internal surface; approx 10 years later, the sutures on the external surface obliterate. Obliteration of sutures begins at the _____ and continues sequentially in the sagittal, coronal, and lambdoid sutures
Bregma
As people age, the cranial bones normally become thinner and lighter, and the diploe gradually fill with a gray gelatinous material. In these individuals, the ____ ___ has lost its blood cells and fat, giving it a gelatinous appearance
Bone marrow
What characteristics of the face cause issues when facial lacerations and incisions occur?
Face has no distinct deep fascia
Subcutaneous tissue between cutaneous attachments of facial muscles is loose
Facial inflammation causes considerable swelling
Loss of elasticity with age
Why can a partially detached scalp be replaced with a reasonable chance of healing?
Scalp arteries arise at the sides of the head and are protected by a dense CT, they anastomose freely