SCA individual and the group

Question 1

identity/self concept

Answer 1

our cognitive representation of ourselves that coordinates an individual’s perception of self

Question 2

personal identity

Answer 2

the element of self concept that derives form personality traits and the idiosyncratic personal relationships one has with other people

Question 4

social categorization

Answer 4

• organizing yourself into the groups that you belong and out of other groups
  The more meaningful that group is the more it forms a part of the person’s identity

Question 5

in-group

Answer 5

• A group that a person defines themselves as a part of (you see these people as having positive traits)
  Leads to in-group favoritism, behavior that is biased towards the in-group

Question 6

out-group

Answer 6

• A group that a person does not see themselves as a part of (groups members are seen as similar with negative traits)
  
  • Leads to out-group discrimination that creates disadvantage for the out-group

Question 7

social identification

Answer 7

Adopting the norms of a group and being accepted by them

Question 8

social comparison

Answer 8

• Comparing your own group to others, contributes to a positive or negative social identity

Question 9

self esteem

Answer 9

• We try to build our self esteem by comparing the in-group to other out-groups

Question 10

positive distinctiveness

subcategory of social comparison

Answer 10

the in-group is perceived as “better than” the out-group and positive social identity is achieved = increase in self-esteem

Question 11

negative distinctiveness

subcategory of social comparrison

Answer 11

if the assessment is not positive the individual will either try to leave the group and move to a place with a more positive group identity, or they may try to make their existing group appear more positive by displaying favoritism towards the in-group (who cares, I’m…..)

Question 12

social congnitive theory

Answer 12

that humans learn behaviour through obserbations, we see and copy based on the benefits and consequences of the actions we see

Question 13

vicarious learning/conditioning

Answer 13

• Learning by seeing whether an observed behavior is reinforced or punished (vicarious reinforcement/punishment)
  Reinforcement make sit more likely for the behavior to be replicated
  Punishment makes it less likely for an observer to replicate the behavior

Question 14

cognitive factors in social learning

Answer 14

• attention
• retention
• reproducation
• motivation
• self efficacy

Question 15

attention

cognitive factors in social learning

Answer 15

The learner must focus on, or closely watch the role model’s behavior and its consequence

Question 16

retention

cognitive factors in social learning

Answer 16

• The learner remembers what has been observed, the learner has a stored mental representation so that they can use this observed behavior at another time

Question 17

reproduction

cognitive factors in social learning

Answer 17

The learner attempts to replicate or imitate what was observed at a later date

Question 18

motivation

cognitive factors in social learning

Answer 18

• The learner must want to perform the behavior
  The motivation can be extrinsic (motivations are external to the individual) or it can be intrinsic (an internal focus within the individual)

Question 19

self efficacy

cognitive factors in social learning

Answer 19

• Self-efficacy is one’s belief in one’s ability to successfully accomplish the task
  
  • High self efficacy means you are more likely to try the task regardless of a fear of failure
  • If you have low-efficacy your fear of failure stops you from attempting the behavior

Question 20

stereotyping

Answer 20

information limited to the visible part of a persion that generates judgements about what any person in that group is like and that all people that belong to a given group possess the same characteristics (generalizations and oversimplification, form of social categorization)

Question 21

Illusory correlation

Answer 21

the perception of a relationship between group and behavior where there was none

Question 22

Distinctiveness based
illusory correlation

Answer 22

• A relationship is believed to exist between two variables as the result of special attention given to distinctive (infrequent) information

Question 23

expectancy based illusory correlation

Answer 23

• We mistakenly see a relationship due to our pre-existing expectations surrounding them (I notice that a comedian is loud and outgoing and I assume that it is because comedians are naturally extroverted and noisy)

Question 24

stereotype threat

Answer 24

occurs when a person is in a situation where there is a risk of being judge or stereotyped, or there is a fear of doing something that would inadvertently (accidentally) confirm a stereotype