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Koky chem > SC8 - Acids ✓ > Flashcards

SC8 - Acids ✓ Flashcards

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1
Q

SC8a - All solutions are one of what three things?

A
  • Acidic
  • Neutral
  • Alkaline
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2
Q

SC8a - What determines if a solution is acidic or alkali?

A
  • The concentration of hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
  • An even balance of both will lead to all of them forming water and an excess of neither.
  • An excess of hydrogen ions makes a solution and an excess of hydroxide ions makes a solution alkaline.
  • The concentration of theses ions determiens the pH of a solution
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3
Q

SC8b - Describe how a solution can be concentrated or dilute

A
  • A concentrated solution contains a high concentration of excess ions (more per unit volumes)
  • A dilute solution contains a low concentration of excess ions (less per unit volumes)
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4
Q

SC8b - Describe how a solution can be strong or weak

A
  • When a strong acid/alkali is dissloved in water, their molecules fully dissociate (break up) producing a high concentration of ions
  • When a weak acid/alkali is dissolved in water, their molecules don’t fully dissociate and so they produce a low concentration of ions
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5
Q

SC8c - What is a base?

A
  • A base is a substance that neutralises an acid.
  • Base(s) + acid(aq) → salt(aq) + water(l)
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6
Q

SC8c - Describe how neutralisation occurs in terms of ions.

A
  • The base releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in the acid
  • These bond with the excess hydrogen ions to form water
  • The other elements in the base and the acid bond to form a salt
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7
Q

SC8c CP - Describe how to prepare copper sulfate from copper oxide and sulfuric acid.

A
  • Mix copper oxide into a beaker of hydrochloric acid till it is in excess
  • Gently warm the mixture to speed up the reaction
  • Filter to remove the excess copper oxide
  • Heat up the solution in an evapourating basin over water on a bunsen burner
  • Right before all the liquid has evapourated, remove it from the heat and leave it to evapourate naturally
  • The longer it takes, the larger the crystals of copper sulfate formed
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8
Q

SC8d - What is a soluble base?

A

An alkali

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9
Q

SC8d CP - Investigate how the pH of an hydrochloric acid changes based on the amount of calcium hydroxide in it

A
  • Usign a measuring cylinder, add 50cm³ of hydrochloric acid to a beaker
  • Keep pieces of universal indicator paper on white tiles
  • Dip the end of the glass rod into the acid and dab it onto the paper
  • Estimate the pH of it and dab the rod dry
  • Add 0.3g of calcium hydroxide powder to the acid and then repeat this
  • Keep adding 0.3g at a time recording the the pH each time until you’ve added 2.4g
  • Draw out a graph for the values of pH and calcium carbonate added
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10
Q

SC8f - Acid + Metal →

A

Acid + Metal →Salt + Hydrogen

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11
Q

SC8f - Acid + Carbonate →

A

Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

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12
Q

SC8f - How do you work out the ionic equation of a metal + acid reaction?

A
  • [Mg can be replaced with any metal but may be balance differentyl]
  • Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)→ Mg2-(aq) + H2(g)
  • The other ions (sulfate, chloride etc.) are spectator ions as they don’t change form either side of the equation
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13
Q

SC8f - Using the ionic equation

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2-(aq) + H2(g)

How do you work out the half equations?

A

Mg(s) → Mg2-(aq) + 2e-

2H+ (aq) + 2e- → H2(g)

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14
Q

SC8e - What method can be used to work out how much acid to use to obtain pure dry crystals of salt?

A

Repeated titration (method in SC14) followed by crystallisation using the results.

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15
Q

SC8g - What is a precipitate reaction?

A

When two soluble substances in solutions react and form an insolube precipitate as one of its products

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16
Q

SC8g - What are the rules for solubility?

A
  • All PANS are soluble (potassium, ammonium, nitrates and sodium)
  • Chlorides apart from silver and lead are soluble
  • Sulfates apart from lead, barium and calcium are soluble
  • The only carbonates and hydroxides that are soluble are the PANS
17
Q

SC8g - What happens when two solutions containing soluble salts are reacted?

A
  • The ions from the salt switch.
  • e.g copper sulfate + potassium carbonate → copper carbonate + potassium sulfate
18
Q

SC8g - How do you form an insoluble salt from silver nitrate and sodium chloride?

A
  • Pour some silver nitrate solution into some sodium chloride solution in a beaker
  • This will react forming a precipitate of silver chloride
  • Use a filter funnel with filter paper to filter this out
  • Wash the precipitate with distilled water
  • Remove the filter paper containing the salt and place in a warm oven to dry

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