SC and IM injections Flashcards

1
Q

when is SC and IM used

A

if oral or IV route not possible, small volume, or medication formulation requires.

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2
Q
  • Anatomy
  • absorption
  • volume
  • site
  • needle
    for SC
A
  • Anatomy = adipose tissue beneath dermis
  • absorption - slow as less blood supply
  • volume - 1ml or less
  • site - abdomen (umbilical region), thigh (beneath Gt trochanter), upper lateral arm
  • needle - orange 25G or blue 23G
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3
Q
  • Anatomy
  • absorption
  • volume
  • site
  • needle
    for IM
A
  • Anatomy = Muscle layer
  • absorption = faster than SC but slower than IV
  • volume = 2-5ml
  • site = deltoid, upper outer gluteal, lateral thigh
  • needle - blue 23G or green 21G
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4
Q

SC injection sites

A
Lateral upper arm
Lower abdomen near umbilicus
Proximal lateral thigh
Buttocks 
Back – less often
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5
Q

what are examples of SC injections

A

LMWH
Insulin
Palliative care medications

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6
Q

IM injection sites

A

Quadriceps 1-5ml
Deltoid 1-2ml
Upper outer quadrant gluteal (caution sciatic nerve and gluteal artery) 2-4ml

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7
Q

What are examples of IM injections

A
Vaccines (not gluteal)
Antibiotics
Antiemetics
Sedatives
Analgesia
Contraceptives
Antipsychotics
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8
Q

How to administer an IM injection

A

Spread skin

90 degree insertion

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9
Q

How to administer an SC injection

A

Grasp fold of subcutaneous tissue

45 degree insertion (90 for insulin

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10
Q

What should you do for those that have a bleeding risk

A

Avoid IM injections with those on warfarin or other anticoagulants due to risk of haematoma and consider another route if possible.

Public Health England “green book”, Immunisation Against Infectious Disease, concludes that for influenza vaccines “there is a lack of evidence that the SC route of vaccination is any safer than the IM route in people taking anticoagulants”

If possible, give via subcutaneous injection (if medication in licensed for this route).

For NOAC/DOAC with fast onset and short half life e.g. apixaban, giving injection 24 hours after the last dose is an option

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11
Q

What are the practical points of there is a bleeding risk present

A

IM injection into an upper extremity for easy observation and access for monitoring the injection site or applying compression if needed.

Use a small needle

Compress for 2 minutes after

Advise the patient to monitor for signs of bruising/ haematoma

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12
Q

How is insulin given

A

Insulin can be given from pre-filled syringes or also drawn up for acute doses e.g. novorapid

If insulin is being drawn up it is important to be very careful about the amount and use an insulin syringe for this to avoid overdosing and risk of hypoglycaemia.

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13
Q

describe how to give adrenaline

A

IM use in emergency situations e.g. anaphylaxis using antero-lateral aspect of the middle of thigh for best absorption.

Monitoring: BP, pulse, ECG, pulse oximetry

Dose adults:
- 0.5mg = 500 micrograms = 0.5ml of 1:1000

Concentrations of ampoules/ devices:

  • 1mg/1ml = 1:1000
  • 1mg/10ml = 1:10 000 CAUTION different concentration!
  • Prefilled syringe EpiPen 300 micrograms (child 150 micrograms)

Repeat doses if no improvement, and further doses at 5-minute intervals.

IV route ONLY for anaesthetists, emergency physicians, ICU doctors, paramedics

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14
Q

what are the safety risks to consider when doing an IM/SM injection

A
  • correct patient
  • consent
  • drug allergies
  • correct does and medication
  • batch number and expiry date
  • bleeding/bruising risk
  • infection risk
  • tissue damage risk
  • after care
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15
Q

IM injection doses should not exceed ..

A

5ml

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16
Q

The syringe plunger should be…

A

The syringe plunger should be withdrawn with IM injections to avoid intravascular injection

17
Q

why should you rotate insulin sites

A
  • insulin injection sites should be rotated to avoid lipoatrophy
18
Q

How do you IM and SC injections

A

equipment

  • gloves
  • sharps bin
  • needles to draw up and deliver the medication
  • gauze/cotton wool
  • prescription chart
  • syringes
  • drug to be administered
  • tray
  • cleaning products: detergent wipes and 70% alcohol wipes
  • face mask
  • apron
  • Wash your hands
  • prepare the tray and clean it with detergent wipes and then allow to dry and then clean it with alcohol wipes and allow to air dry again
  • Start putting the equipment into the tray
  • attach he drawing up needle to the syringe
  • check the details on the medication - the name and expiratory date
  • draw the drug up using syringe and drawing up needle
  • after the drug is drawn up remove the drawing up needle and adipose immediately in the shapes bind
  • attach the administration needle - in IM injections this can be a green needle which is 21 gauge or a blue needle which is 23 gauge
  • clean the skin
  • with the non dominant hand stables the skin
  • with the dominant hand take the needle and syringe and insert into the skin at 90 degrees
  • draw back on plunger to ensure you haven’t entered a blood vessel
  • pressure plunger down to enter the drug
  • wait a few seconds before withdrawing the needle
  • dispose of sharp immediately
  • apply pressure over the area
  • then check the site for bleeding
  • check patient is okay after the administration of the medication
  • dispose of waste immediately

SC injections

  • don’t use alcohol wipes before injecting an SC injection as patient can develop harder skin over the site
  • the needle is often a blue needle
  • with the non dominant hand bunch he skin between the thumb and forefinger to lift adipose tissue from underlying muscle
  • with dominant hand insertion the needle into the skin at 45 degrees
  • do not draw back
  • pressure the plunger down to deliver the drug
  • once you have withdrawn the needle apply pressure over the site with cotton wool
  • then check the site for bleeding
19
Q

What are the IM injection sites

A
  • mid anterior and mid lateral areas of the quadriceps
  • mid deltoid
  • upper outer quadrates of the gluteal muscles
20
Q

where are the SC injection sites

A
  • upper outer arm
  • lower abdomen
  • upper outer thigh