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GCSE Biology > SB8 > Flashcards

SB8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is SA:V

A

The ratio between an organisms surface area and volume (SA/V)

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2
Q

What happens to the SA:V ratio as an organisms size increases

A

Ratio decreases

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3
Q

Why can’t large organisms rely on diffusion for all of their exchanges

A
  • Their SA:V ratio is too low so diffusion is much slower
  • They use specialised exchange surfaces and transport systems
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4
Q

What system are the lungs part of

A

Breathing system

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5
Q

How do the lungs take in oxygen

A
  • Breathe in air through nose/mouth
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Brochioles
  • Alveoli
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6
Q

What is the function of the lungs

A
  • Transfer oxygen to the blood
  • Remove waste carbon dioxide from blood
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7
Q

How are alveoli adapted to their function

A
  • A LOT of them = increased surface
  • Alveoli are close to a capillary
  • One layer thin walls = short diffusion pathway
  • Moist lining = gases dissolve increasing RoD
  • Constant blood flow = maintain high concentration gradient
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8
Q

Breathing rate equation

A

number of breaths/minutes

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9
Q

What factors is the rate of diffusion dependent on

A
  • High surface area
  • Short diffusion pathway
  • Maintenance of a high concentration gradient
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10
Q

What does Fick’s Law state

A

The rate of diffusion is proportional to the (Surface area * Concentration difference)/thickness of membrane

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11
Q

What is blood

A

A tissue

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12
Q

What is bloods function

A

-To act as a huge transport system
- To transport oxygen across the body

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13
Q

What is blood made of

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Plasma
  • Platlets
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14
Q

What is the function of the red blood cell

A
  • Carry oxygen from lungs to around the body
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15
Q

What adaptations do RBC have

A
  • Haemoglobin binds to oxygen
  • No nucleus - increase space for haemoglobin
  • Large surface
  • Biconcave disc shape
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16
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Phagocytes
  • Anti-toxins
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17
Q

What is the role of a lymphocyte

A
  • Create antibodies that bind to the pathogens antigens
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18
Q

What is the role of a phagocyte

A
  • Engulf pathogens
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19
Q

What is the role of anti-toxins

A
  • Neutralise any toxins
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20
Q

What is plasma

A

Straw coloured liquid

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21
Q

What is the function of plasma

A
  • Carries RBC, WBC, platelets, urea, glucose, amino acids, carbon dioxide, hormones
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22
Q

How much of our blood is:
- WBC
- RBC
- Plasma

A
  • 1>%
  • 45%
  • 55%
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23
Q

What is artificial blood

A
  • Salt water
24
Q

What is the purpose of artificial blood

A
  • Substitute real blood
  • Adds volume to blood to keep heart pumping and blood vessels full
25
Q

What are the drawbacks of artificial blood

A
  • Can only replace 2/3 of blood
26
Q

What is an alternative to artificial blood

A
  • Blood transfusions from blood donors
27
Q

Describe the features of arteries

A
  • Carry blood away from heart to the body
  • Carries high pressure blood
  • Thick wall of muscle and elastic fibres
  • Small lumen
28
Q

Describe the features of veins

A
  • Carry blood back to the heart
  • Carries low pressure blood
  • Large lumen
  • Thin wall of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
  • Have valves to prevent backflow
28
Q

Describe the features of capillaries

A
  • Used for gas and nutrient exchange
  • Carries low pressure blood (more time for exchange)
  • Extremely small
  • Close contact to all cells (short diffusion pathway)
  • Permeable single cell thick wall made of endothelial cells
  • Total cross sectional area is really high
29
Q

Equation for rate of blood flow

A

Volume of blood flowed/mins

30
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system

A

Transport oxygen and nutrients around the body

31
Q

What is the system between the heart and lungs called

A

The pulmonary system

32
Q

What is the system between the heart and body called

A

The circulatory system

33
Q

Describe how the heart pumps blood

A

1) Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
2) Blood flows to the right ventricle as the AV valve opens due to muscles contracting
3) Blood is pumped from the pulmonary artery to the lungs as the semilunar valve opens due to muscles contracting
4) Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins
5) Blood flows to the left ventricle as the AV valve opens due to muscles contracting
6) Blood is pumped from the aorta to the rest of the body as the semilunar valve opens due to muscle contractions

34
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker wall and why

A
  • Left ventricle
  • Has to pump high pressure blood
35
Q

What are pacemaker cells

A
  • Found in the right atrium
  • Keeps heartbeat steady by producing small electrical impulse
  • Causes heart muscles to contract
36
Q

What happens if the pacemaker cells are faulty

A
  • An artificial pacemaker is implanted near the collarbone
  • A wire is guided through to the heart
  • Sends electrical impulses
37
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary arteries

A
  • Provide heart with necessary glucose and oxygen
  • On the surface of the heart
38
Q

Name structures found in the heart

A
  • Superior/ Inferior vena cava
  • Right/ Left atrium
  • AV/ Semilunar valves
  • Right/ Left ventricles
  • Pulmonary artery/ vein
  • Aorta
  • Septum
39
Q

What is the purpose of the septum

A
  • Separates the sides of the heart
40
Q

What is the purpose of the tendons

A

To stop the valves from turning inside out

41
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration

A
  • Release energy as it is an exothermic reaction
42
Q

What is energy needed for in the human body

A
  • Making larger molecules
  • Muscle contractions
  • Maintaining body temperature
43
Q

Define metabolism

A

All chemical processes that occur in a living organism in order to maintain life

44
Q

Describe the features of aerobic respiration

A
  • Occurs in the mitochondria
  • Occurs when there is enough oxygen
  • Most efficient way of releasing energy
45
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

46
Q

Describe the features of anaerobic respiration

A
  • Occurs when there is not enough oxygen
  • Creates lactic acid (poisonous)
47
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose -> lactic acid

48
Q

What are the negatives of anaerobic respiration

A
  • Creates an oxygen debt due to an incomplete reaction
  • Lactic acid is poisonous
49
Q

What is the word equation for anerobic respiration in plants

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

50
Q

What is anerobic respiration called in yeast

A

Fermentation

51
Q

Explain how lactic acid is oxidised

A

1) Lactic acid in muscles is transferred to the liver via blood
2) Reacts with oxygen in liver to form glucose

52
Q

Describe how to investigate respiration (practical R)

A

1) Put soda lime granules into two tubes
2) Add cotton wool and woodlice into one tube, glass beads in the other
3) Set up respirometer
4) Set liquid in respirometer to a known volume using syringe
5) Put apparatus into water bath at 15C
6) When woodlice respire it decreases pressure as there is less air
7) Distance moved by liquid/time = respiration rate
8) Repeat 1-7 with water bath at different temps

53
Q

What are control variables in practical R

A
  • Mass of woodlice/glass beads
  • Time
  • Mass of soda lime granules
54
Q

What is the independent variable in practical R

A
  • Temperature of water bath
55
Q

List the equipment needed in practical R

A
  • Soda lime granules (absorb carbon dioxide)
  • Two test tubes
  • Cotton wool
  • Woodlice
  • Glass beads
  • Syringe
  • Respirometer,

GCSE Biology (6 decks)

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