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GCSE Biology > SB2 > Flashcards

SB2 Flashcards

Cells and control

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1
Q

How do animals grow

A
  • Cell division (the cell cycle)
  • Cell differentiation
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2
Q

What is the cell cycle

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
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3
Q

What happens during interphase

A
  • Cell grows in size
  • DNA duplicates
  • More organelles are made
  • Increase in mitochondria and ribosomes
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4
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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5
Q

What happens during prophase

A
  • Spindle fibres form
  • DNA condenses into chromosomes
  • Nuclear membrane disappears
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6
Q

What happens during metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes and chromosome copies line up in the middle of the cell
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7
Q

What happens during anaphase

A
  • Spindle fibres pull away chromosomes and chromosome copies to opposite ends of the cell
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8
Q

What happens during telophase

A
  • New nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes on opposite ends
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9
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A
  • Cell membrane pinches, cells divide
  • New cytoplasm forms within the two cells
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10
Q

Describe the importance of mitosis in growth, repair and asexual reproduction

A
  • Growth - produces new cells
  • Repair - replaces dead or damaged cells
  • Asexual reproduction - produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
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11
Q

Describe the features of daughter cells produced by mitosis

A
  • Genetically identical
  • Diploid
  • Identical sets of chromosomes from single parent cell
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12
Q

How do plants grow

A
  • Cell division
  • Elongation
  • Cell differentiation
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13
Q

Where does elongation occur in plants

A
  • Occurs throughout the plant
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14
Q

Describe what meristems are

A
  • Regions in a plant where mitosis occurs
  • Found in tips of shoots and roots
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15
Q

How does cancer occur

A
  • Change occurs in the cell
  • Uncontrollable and rapid cell division
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16
Q

Why is cell differentiation important

A

It allows cells to specialise and be dedicated to a specificfunction

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17
Q

How do percentile charts help determine growth

A
  • Where an organism lies on it shows its growth in comparison to other organisms
  • If a bay is on the 50th percentile for weight, its is heavier than 50% and lighter than 50%
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18
Q

What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells

A
  • Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell, but are only available at the embryonic stage
  • Adult stem cells can differentiate into only blood, skin and bone cells, but are available at all times
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19
Q

Benefits of stem cells in medicine

A

+ Create new tissues/organs
+ Less likely to be rejected (if they are directly from patient)
+ Replace damaged cells

20
Q

Risks of stem cells in medicine

A
  • Can be rejected
  • Can pass on disease
  • Viruses can be passed on
  • Can start rapidly and uncontrollably dividing
21
Q

Location and function of the cerebrum

A
  • Two cerebral hemispheres at the top of the brain
  • Speech, vision, memory, movement
22
Q

Location and function of the cerebellum

A
  • Back of the brain
  • Muscle coordination and balance
23
Q

Location and function of the medulla oblongata

A
  • At the bottom of the brain
  • Unconscious activities e.g. breathing, heart rate
24
Q

Limitations when treating diseases in the CNS

A
  • Blood brain barrier does not allow drugs to reach brain
  • Tumour could be buried deep inside
  • Not enough understanding of the brain
  • Surgery could risk permanent damage
25
Q

Function and features of a sensory neurone

A
  • Connected to a receptor
  • Dendrites, Dendrons, Cell body, Axon w/ myelin sheath, Axon terminal
  • To pass on information obtained from receptor cells
26
Q

Function and features of a relay neurone

A
  • Rapidly passes impulse from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone
  • Dendrites, Cell body, Short axon w/ myelin sheath, Axon terminal
27
Q

Function and features of a motor neurone

A
  • Send electrical impulse to effectors
  • Dendrites, Cell body, Axon w/ myelin sheath, Axon terminal
28
Q

What are effectors

A
  • Muscles
  • Glands
29
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath

A
  • Prevents electrical impulse from escaping
  • Insulates and speeds up neurotransmission
30
Q

How are electrical impulses passed on

A
  • Reaches the end of neurone - synapse
  • Stimulates axon terminal to release chemical substances called neurotransmitters
  • This is diffused across the synapse
  • They bind to receptors on dendrites, stimulating a new electrical impulse
31
Q

Name the parts of eye

A
  • Cornea
  • Iris
  • Pupil
  • Lens
  • Ciliary muscles
  • Suspensory ligaments
  • Retina
  • Optic nerve
    (Can I please look closely so (I can) read optically)
32
Q

What is the function of the cornea

A
  • Helps focus light
  • Refracts light
33
Q

What is the function of the iris

A
  • Coloured part of eye
  • Controls how much light enters the pupil
34
Q

What is the function of the pupil

A
  • Hole in the eye that allows light to pass through it
35
Q

What is the function of the lens

A

-Lets light enter the eye
- Focuses light onto the retina

36
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles

A
  • Contract/ relax to change the shape of the lens
37
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligaments

A
  • Tighten/ slacken to change the the shape of the lens
38
Q

What is the function of the retina

A
  • Contains the receptor cells of the eye
39
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve

A
  • Sends information from the eye to the brain
40
Q

What are rod cells

A
  • Receptor cells in the eye
  • Detect light intensity
  • Work best in dim light
41
Q

What are cone cells

A
  • Receptor cells in the eye
  • Detect colour
  • Work best in bright light
42
Q

What changes occur so the eye can see distant objects

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax
  • Suspensory ligaments tighten
  • Lens becomes less round
43
Q

What changes occur so the eye can see closer objects

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Suspensory ligaments slacken
  • Lens becomes more round
44
Q

What causes cataracts, what are the effects and how is is it treated

A
  • Protein build up in lens
  • Vision is cloudy and obscured
  • Artificial lens
45
Q

What causes colour blindness, what are the effects and how is is it treated

A
  • Faulty (red or green) cone cells
  • Colours appear differently/ inability to see certain colours
  • Untreatable
46
Q

What causes short sightedness, what are the effects and how is is it treated

A
  • Eyeball is too long or cornea is too round
  • Light is focused before the retina
  • Distant objects are blurry
  • Diverging/ Concave lens
47
Q

What causes long sightedness, what are the effects and how is is it treated

A
  • Eyeball is too short or cornea is not round enough
  • Light is focused after the retina
  • Close objects are blurry
  • Converging/ Convex lens

GCSE Biology (6 decks)

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