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GCSE Biology > SB1 > Flashcards

SB1 Flashcards

Key concepts

1
Q

Name the sub-cellular structures in animal cells

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
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2
Q

Name the sub-cellular structures in plant cells

A
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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3
Q

Name the sub-cellular structures in bacteria cells

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chromosomal DNA
  • Plasmid DNA
  • Flagella
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4
Q

What type of cell are plant and animal cells

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

What type of cell are bacteria cells

A

Prokaryotic

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A
  • Where chemical reactions take place
  • Site of anaerobic respiration
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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A
  • Contains all of the cells genetic information
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8
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration
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9
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A
  • Protein synthesis
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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A
  • Maintains cell structure
  • Made of cellulose
  • Keeps cell rigid
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11
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A
  • Controls what enters and leaves the cell
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12
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A
  • Absorb sunlight
  • Site of photosynthesis
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13
Q

What is the function of the vacuole

A
  • Helps maintain cell structure
  • Holds cell sap
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14
Q

What is the function of chromosomal DNA

A
  • Holds bacteria’s necessary genes for survival and reproduction
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15
Q

What is the function of plasmid DNA

A
  • Holds bacteria’s extra genes e.g. antibiotic resistance
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16
Q

What is the function of the flagella

A
  • Helps propel bacteria
  • Helps bacteria move
17
Q

Define enzymes

A
  • Biological catalysts that help speed up a reaction without getting used up
18
Q

Why are enzymes imprtant

A
  • Help reduce the need for high temperatures to speed up reaction
  • Less likely to cause damage to cells
  • Requires less energy
  • Very specific
19
Q

What are enzymes

A

Large proteins

20
Q

What are the two things enzymes do

A
  • Break down one large substrate into tiny products
  • Join together lots of tiny substrates into one big product
21
Q

What is the key feature of the active site

A

It is complementary to the substrate

22
Q

What is the difference between the ‘Lock and key’ theory and the ‘Induced fit’ theory

A
  • Lock and key depicts that the substrate fits perfectly into the active site
  • Induced fit states that the active site will change shape to perfectly fit substrate
23
Q

What is the optimum pH for body enzymes

24
Q

What types of enzymes have a different optimum pH

A

Stomach enzymes

25
What is the optimum temperature for body enzymes
37 degrees
26
What is the purpose of digestive enzymes
To break down larger food molecules into smaller more soluble ones that can be absorbed through the small intestine
27
Function and location of amylase
- Breaks down starch into sugars e.g. maltose - Small intestine - Pancreas - Salivary glands
28
Function and location of protease
- Breaks down proteins into amino acids - Pancreas - Small intestine - Stomach
29
Function and location of lipase
- Breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids - Pancreas - Small intestine
30
What are specialised cells
- Cells that have differentiated to adapt to a certain function
31
Function and adaptations of a sperm cell
- Deliver genetic material to an egg cell to fertilise it - Fertilisation and reproduction - Has 23 chromosomes in its (haploid) nucleus - **Flagellum** allows sperm cell to swim through uterus - Lots of **mitochondria** to provide energy for swimming - **Streamlined** shape - **Acrosome** contains digestive enzymes which help break down eggs jelly coat
32
Function and adaptations of an egg cell
- Fertilisation and reproduction - Has 23 chromosomes in its (haploid) nucleus - Cytoplasm contains necessary nutrients for embryo growth - **Jelly coat** hardens to prevent more than one sperm cell entering
33
Function and adaptations of a ciliated epithelial cell
- Line surface of organs to help move substances e.g. mucus in one direction - Cilia on their surfaces
34
Describe the food test for reducing sugars
- Benedict's test - 5ml of food sample mixed with 10 drops of benedict's solution (blue) - Place test tube in water bath at 75 degrees - If reducing sugars are present, precipitate will turn green, yellow or brick-red depending on concentration
35
Describe the food test for proteins
- Biuret test - Prepare 2ml of food sample then add potassium hydroxide (to make it alkaline) - Then add copper sulphate - If solution turns pink/purple protein is present
36
Describe the food test for lipids
- Ethanol emulsion test - Prepare 5ml of unfiltered food sample - Add 2ml of ethanol and vigorously shake - Add 2ml of distilled water - If it turns cloudy lipids are present
37
Describe the food test for starch
- Iodine test - Prepare 5ml of food sample - Add iodine - If it turns blue black, starch is present

GCSE Biology (6 decks)

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