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GCSE Biology > SB1 > Flashcards

SB1 Flashcards

Key concepts

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1
Q

Name the sub-cellular structures in animal cells

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
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2
Q

Name the sub-cellular structures in plant cells

A
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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3
Q

Name the sub-cellular structures in bacteria cells

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chromosomal DNA
  • Plasmid DNA
  • Flagella
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4
Q

What type of cell are plant and animal cells

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

What type of cell are bacteria cells

A

Prokaryotic

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A
  • Where chemical reactions take place
  • Site of anaerobic respiration
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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A
  • Contains all of the cells genetic information
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8
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration
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9
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A
  • Protein synthesis
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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A
  • Maintains cell structure
  • Made of cellulose
  • Keeps cell rigid
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11
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A
  • Controls what enters and leaves the cell
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12
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A
  • Absorb sunlight
  • Site of photosynthesis
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13
Q

What is the function of the vacuole

A
  • Helps maintain cell structure
  • Holds cell sap
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14
Q

What is the function of chromosomal DNA

A
  • Holds bacteria’s necessary genes for survival and reproduction
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15
Q

What is the function of plasmid DNA

A
  • Holds bacteria’s extra genes e.g. antibiotic resistance
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16
Q

What is the function of the flagella

A
  • Helps propel bacteria
  • Helps bacteria move
17
Q

Define enzymes

A
  • Biological catalysts that help speed up a reaction without getting used up
18
Q

Why are enzymes imprtant

A
  • Help reduce the need for high temperatures to speed up reaction
  • Less likely to cause damage to cells
  • Requires less energy
  • Very specific
19
Q

What are enzymes

A

Large proteins

20
Q

What are the two things enzymes do

A
  • Break down one large substrate into tiny products
  • Join together lots of tiny substrates into one big product
21
Q

What is the key feature of the active site

A

It is complementary to the substrate

22
Q

What is the difference between the ‘Lock and key’ theory and the ‘Induced fit’ theory

A
  • Lock and key depicts that the substrate fits perfectly into the active site
  • Induced fit states that the active site will change shape to perfectly fit substrate
23
Q

What is the optimum pH for body enzymes

A

7

24
Q

What types of enzymes have a different optimum pH

A

Stomach enzymes

25
Q

What is the optimum temperature for body enzymes

A

37 degrees

26
Q

What is the purpose of digestive enzymes

A

To break down larger food molecules into smaller more soluble ones that can be absorbed through the small intestine

27
Q

Function and location of amylase

A
  • Breaks down starch into sugars e.g. maltose
  • Small intestine
  • Pancreas
  • Salivary glands
28
Q

Function and location of protease

A
  • Breaks down proteins into amino acids
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
  • Stomach
29
Q

Function and location of lipase

A
  • Breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
30
Q

What are specialised cells

A
  • Cells that have differentiated to adapt to a certain function
31
Q

Function and adaptations of a sperm cell

A
  • Deliver genetic material to an egg cell to fertilise it
  • Fertilisation and reproduction
  • Has 23 chromosomes in its (haploid) nucleus
  • Flagellum allows sperm cell to swim through uterus
  • Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for swimming
  • Streamlined shape
  • Acrosome contains digestive enzymes which help break down eggs jelly coat
32
Q

Function and adaptations of an egg cell

A
  • Fertilisation and reproduction
  • Has 23 chromosomes in its (haploid) nucleus
  • Cytoplasm contains necessary nutrients for embryo growth
  • Jelly coat hardens to prevent more than one sperm cell entering
33
Q

Function and adaptations of a ciliated epithelial cell

A
  • Line surface of organs to help move substances e.g. mucus in one direction
  • Cilia on their surfaces
34
Q

Describe the food test for reducing sugars

A
  • Benedict’s test
  • 5ml of food sample mixed with 10 drops of benedict’s solution (blue)
  • Place test tube in water bath at 75 degrees
  • If reducing sugars are present, precipitate will turn green, yellow or brick-red depending on concentration
35
Q

Describe the food test for proteins

A
  • Biuret test
  • Prepare 2ml of food sample then add potassium hydroxide (to make it alkaline)
  • Then add copper sulphate
  • If solution turns pink/purple protein is present
36
Q

Describe the food test for lipids

A
  • Ethanol emulsion test
  • Prepare 5ml of unfiltered food sample
  • Add 2ml of ethanol and vigorously shake
  • Add 2ml of distilled water
  • If it turns cloudy lipids are present
37
Q

Describe the food test for starch

A
  • Iodine test
  • Prepare 5ml of food sample
  • Add iodine
  • If it turns blue black, starch is present

GCSE Biology (6 decks)

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