SB5 Flashcards
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
Physical wellbeing
Eating & sleeping well and being free from disease
Mental wellbeing
How you feel about yourself
Social wellbeing
How well you get on with other people
Communicable vs non-communicable
Communicable diseases can be passed from one to another & non-communicable diseases cannot be passed between people
Pathogen
An organism that causes an infectious disease (bacteria, viruses, fungi & protists)
Bacterium
May release toxins that make us feel ill. Some types of bacteria invade and destroy cells.
Virus
Viruses take over a body cell’s DNA causing the cell to make toxins which cause damage
Fungi
Eukaryotic organisms
Protists
Eukaryotic organisms
Cholera
Bacterium
- Watery diarrhea
Malaria
Protist
- Fever
- Weakness
HIV/AIDS
Virus
- Flu like symptoms
- Repeated infections
TB
Bacterium
- Lung damage
- Weight loss
Ebola
Virus
- Internal bleeding
- Severe headache
Stomach ulcers
Bacterium
- Inflammation
- Bleeding in stomach
Ash die-back chalara
Fungus
- Leaf loss
- Bark damage
Vectors
Vectors carry pathogens from one person to another (e.g malaria mosquito)
STI’s
Sexually transmitted infections spread by sexual activity. Chlamydia is a bacterium and HIV is a virus.
Spread of STI’s
Bacteria can be spread by contact with sexual fluid from an infected partner
Reducing spread of STI’s
- Using condoms
- Screening people
- Supplying intravenous drug abusers with sterile needles
Human defenses
The human body has both physical and chemical defenses to give protection against pathogens. Physical barriers make it hard for pathogens to enter the body. Chemical barriers are produced to kill active pathogens.
Chemical defenses
- Lysozyme- enzyme in tears kills bacteria by digesting cell walls (also found in saliva and mucus)
- Hydrochloric acid- in stomach, kills pathogens in food and drink
Physical barriers
- Unbroken skin- too thick for most pathogens to get through
- Sticky mucus- in the breathing passages and lungs- traps pathogens, Cilia moves the mucus out of the lungs towards the back of the throat where it is swallowed
Immune system
Helps protect the body by attacking pathogens.
Antibodies
Antibodies are produced by white blood cells that can destroy specific pathogens
Lymphocytes
- Each pathogen has unique antigens on the surface
- A lymphocyte with an antibody that fits the antigen is activated
- The lymphocyte divides many times to produce clones of identical lymphocytes
- Some lymphocytes produce lots of antibodies which stick to the pathogen and destroy it
- Others stay in the blood as memory lymphocytes, ready to respond immediately if the same antigen returns
Immunization
When you give a person a vaccine to prevent them becoming ill from a disease
How vaccines work
- Vaccines contain antigens from the pathogen (weakened or dead)
- The persons lymphocytes produce antibodies against the pathogen and also memory lymphocytes
- If the person becomes infected with the real pathogen the memory lymphocytes will have a rapid secondary response.
Eval. of immunization
:) Immunity is produced without being ill
:) Immunity lasts a long time
:( Some people get a mild reaction of swelling or soreness
:( Sometime a person has a major harmful reaction
Damage of smoking
Carbon monoxide reduces how much oxygen the blood can carry
Chemicals in tar (carcinogens) cause cancer (mouth and lungs)
Substances in cigarettes can cause blood vessels to narrow, increasing blood pressure
Measuring obesity
Waist hip ratio
wait measurement/hip measurement
BMI
weight in kilograms/height in meters
Treating cardiovascular disease
Lifestyle changes & Medication
Lifestyle changes
- Give up smoking
- Do more exercise
- Eat a healthier diet
- Lose weight
Medication
- Betablockers
Surgery for cardiovascular disease
If an artery becomes narrowed, the drop in blood flow can cause damage to tissue beyond the blockage
A wire frame called a stent is inserted into the narrow part of the artery
