SB5 Flashcards
Health, disease and the development of medicine
1
Q
Define health given by WHO (world health organisation)
A
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
2
Q
What is a communicable disease
A
A disease that can be transferred from one person to another
3
Q
What are non-communicable diseases
A
Cannot be transferred usually gained genetically or through lifestyle
4
Q
How does the presence of one disease cause a higher susceptibility to other diseases
A
Diseases can damage immune system or body’s natural defences allowing pathogens to easily enter
5
Q
Define a pathogen
A
A disease causing organism
6
Q
What are the 4 different types of pathogens
A
1- Viruses
2- Bacteria
3- Fungi
4- Protists
7
Q
What pathogen causes Diarrhoea and how is it spread
A
- Cholera (Bacteria)
- Spread in water
8
Q
What pathogen causes lung damage and how is it spread?
A
- Tuberculosis (Bacteria)
- Airbourne
9
Q
What pathogen causes leaf loss and bark lesions and how is it spread
A
- Chalara ash dieback (fungi)
- Airbourne
10
Q
What pathogen causes damage to blood and liver and how is it spread?
A
- Malaria (protists)
- Animal vectors - mosquitos
11
Q
What pathogen destroys white blood cells and leads to AIDs and how is it spread
A
- HIV (virus)
- Bodily fluids
12
Q
What pathogen causes stomach ulcers and how is it spread
A
- Heliobacter (bacteria)
- Oral transmission
13
Q
What pathogen causes haemorrhagic fever and how is it spread
A
- Ebola (virus)
- Bodily fluids
14
Q
What are three ways the spread of pathogens can be reduced
A
- Improving hygiene
- Vaccination
- Removing vectors
15
Q
Describe the lytic pathway of a virus (4 steps)
A
- Uses host cell machinery to replicate viral DNA
- DNA assembles creating new virus particles
- When host cell is full of particles, lysis occurs
- Repeats on nearby cells
16
Q
Describe the lysogenic pathway
A
- Virus uses restriction enzymes to insert it’s DNA into host cell DNA
2.As the host cell replicates, the viral DNA replicates also (however is dormant) - Changes in the environment (e.g. a chemical trigger) cause the viral DNA to move to the lytic pathway
17
Q
How can the spread of STI’s be reduced
A
- Barrier contraception
- Abstinence
18
Q
What is the pathogen for Chlamydia and how does it spread
A
- Bacteria
- Bodily fluids
19
Q
What is the pathogen for HIV and how does it spread
A
- Virus
- Intercourse or the sharing of needles (Bodily fluids)
20
Q
What does HIV do to the body
A
Leads to decreased lymphocyte numbers (AIDS) and reduced ability to produce antibodies
21
Q
What are some physical barriers plants use to prevent disease
A
1- Thick cellulose wall
2- Thick waxy cuticle
3- Closure of the stomata
22
Q
What are some chemical barriers plants use to prevent disease
A
1- Releases compounds that attract larger compounds which feed on vectors
2- Produces antimicrobial chemicals
23
Q
How does plant barriers benefit human diseases
A
Plants produce antimicrobial chemicals which can be extracted and used in antibiotics
24
Q
What affects does Chalara dieback of ash have on a plant
A
Causes malformations and browning of leaves
25
What affects does Tobacco mosaic virus have on a plant
Discolouration of leaves
26
What affects does Bacterial canker have on fruit trees
1- loss of leaves
2- stunted growth
3- formation of pus-filled lesions on trunks
27
What affects does Aphids have on a plant
Structural damage
28
How are plant diseases identified in labs (3 steps)
1- Cuttings are taken from the diseased plant
2. Virus/bacterium causing disease is grown on a agar plate
3. Pathogen is tested with an ELISA kit
29
How does mucus act as a physical barrier in the body
Traps bacteria and pathogens before they reach the lungs
30
How does Cilia act as a physical barrier in the body
Wafts away mucus that has trapped pathogens to be killed by stomach acid
31
How does the skin provides protection from pathogens
Provides a physical barrier protecting tissues and cells
chemical barrier- secretes oils that kill pathogens
32
How does lysozymes act as a chemical barrier in the body
Used by white blood cells to kill and digest bacteria
33
How does hydrochloric acid act as a chemical barrier in the body
Kills bacteria in food reaching the stomach
34
How do antibodies cause protection
1- Each pathogen has an antigen on it's surface
2- Antibodies bind to antigen causing pathogens to clump together
3- Easier for phagocytosis to occur
35
What are memory lymphocytes
A type of lymphocyte that recognises an antigen introduced before causing the antibodies needed to be produced at a faster rate
36
How does phagocytosis protect the body
They engulf and consume pathogens destroying them
37
How does antitoxins protect the body
Neutralise toxins released by the pathogen by binding to them
38
How does vaccination work?
1- Vaccines contains a dead form on a pathogen
2- Stimulates white blood cells to produce complimentary antibodies
39
What are the advantages of vaccination (2)
1- They've eradicate diseases
2- Epidemics can be prevented through herd immunity
40
What are the disadvantages of vaccination
1- Not always effective
2- Bad reactions may occur in response to vaccine
41
Why is it only bacterial infections/diseases can be treated by antibiotics
Antibiotics work by inhibiting cell's function - the other 3 pathogens don't rely on cell function but host cells to reproduce
42
What is a culture medium
Contains carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and vitamins allowing bacterium to grow
43
What are the two ways microorganisms can be grown
1- nutrient broth solution
2- an agar gel plate
44
NA
NA
45
How to grow microorganisms via an agar plate
1- Practicle should be done by a Bunsen flame tp sterlise the environment
2- Swirl the bacterial suspension to make sure that the bacterial culture is well mixed.
3- Sterilise the inoculating loop by heating it in flame
4- Allow for the loop to cool down to prevent the killing of the bacteria
5- use loop to transfer microogranism solution into agar in a side-to-side motion
6- Tape lid back onto dish and place in an incubator for 25 degrees placing it upside down to prevent condensation from effecing practicle
46
Devise a method to investigate the effects of bacterial and non bacterial antibiotics
1- Draw lines on the lid of the petri dish to separate where disks will be placed
2- Ensure practical is done near a Bunsen burner
2- Soak filter paper disc in your first antiseptic for a set amount of time
3- Using tweezers place disc into it's section on the dish
4- Repeat with 2 other antiseptics and a control (sterile water)
5- Secure the lid with tapes and incubate at 25 degrees for 48 hrs
47
How do you calculate zone of inhibition
1- Measure the radius from the antiseptic disk to the end of the region where bacteria has not grown
2- area = πr2
48
What is preclinical testing
using cells, tissues and live
animals
49
What is clinical testing
Using volunteers or patients
50
How does Clinical testing work
1- Tested on healthy volunteers with a low dosage
2- Tested on patients - half are given the drug the other half are given a placebo
51
Difference between single blind and double blind when doing clinical testing
1- Single blind (only the doctors know whose receiving a placebo)
2- Double blind (neither the doctor nor patient know whose receiving the placebo)
52
How are monoclonal antibodies produced
1- Antigens are injected into a mouse causing lymphocytes to be produced
2- They're combined with tumour cells to form hybridoma cells
3- The hybridomas are able to divide and produce the same antibody
53
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests
1- When women are pregnant the hormone HCG is present
2- As a women urinates onto the stick the HCG hormone binds to blue beads containing HCG specific monoclonal antibodies
3. Blue beads HCG are pushed along pregnancy stick and then HCG also binds to fixed antibodies as well
4. This causes for the blue strip to show
54
How are monoclonal antibodies used for testing for the location of cancer cells
1- Cancerous cells have antigens on the surface
2- Monoclonal antibodies can be modified to bind to these antigens
3- When the antibodies are injected they bind with cancer cells and clump them together making them easier to spot
55
How are monoclonal antibodies used for locating blood clots
1- Monoclonal antibodies are bind to fluorescent dye
2- The antibodies are modified to bind to antigen on blood clots
3- Under UV the antibodies glow to show where the blood clots are located
56
How are monoclonal antibodies designed to cure cancer
1- Antibodies are attached to drugs that are used to treat the tumours
2- They are then able to specifically bind to the antigens on the cancerous cell
57
What is an advantage of using antibodies instead of drug and radiotherapy treatments
They only specially bind to the tumorous cells therefore healthy cells are not affected
58
What is a disadvantage of using antibodies instead of drug and radiotherapy treatments
As they are produced from mice lymphocytes they may produce an immune response in humans
59
What lifestyle factors may cause cardiovascular disease
- High dietary intake of saturated fats
- Statuary lifestyle (inactive)
60
What lifestyle factors may cause several forms of cancer
- smoking/alchohol
- Unbalanced diet
- Inactivity
- Excessive sun intake
61
What lifestyle factors may cause some lung and liver diseases
- excessive smoking
- excessive drinking
62
In which patients are diseases influenced by nutrition most common in
- Anorexic patients
- Patient's that struggle to absorb nutrients
- Obese patient's
63
What lifestyle factors cause obesity
Unhealthy diets
Inactiveness
(taking in more calories than you burn)
64
What lifestyle factors cause malnutrition
Eating fewer calories than we use
65
How is BMI calculated
mass (kg) ÷ height ² (m)
66
How do you work out waist-hip ratios
waist circumference ÷ hip circumference
67
What BMI is classified as obese
Over 30
68
What hip to waist ratio is classidied as obese in women and males
Women = over 0.85
Men = over 1
69
How does alcohol lead to liver disease
Liver cells die when processing alcohol - the more cells that die fats and toxins can't be broken down
70
How does smoking increase the chances of gaining cardiovascular diseases
Cigarette chemicals make the walls of your arteries sticky causing fatty material to stick blocking the flow of blood to the heart
71
What are some treatments for cardiovascular disease
1. Life-long medications
2. Surgery
3. Lifestyle changes
72
How does a coronary artery bypass preformed
Taking a blood vessel from another part of the body, usually the chest, leg or arm, and attaching it to the coronary artery above the blocking.
73
How are stents used to help with cardiovascular disease
1. A small metal mesh tube and balloon attached to a catheter is inserted into coronary arteries
2. The balloon is inflated
3. Balloon and catherter is removed and mesh keeps the artery open
74
