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Biology: Paper 1 > SB5 > Flashcards

SB5 Flashcards

Health, disease and the development of medicine

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1
Q

Define health given by WHO (world health organisation)

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A disease that can be transferred from one person to another

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3
Q

What are non-communicable diseases

A

Cannot be transferred usually gained genetically or through lifestyle

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4
Q

How does the presence of one disease cause a higher susceptibility to other diseases

A

Diseases can damage immune system or body’s natural defences allowing pathogens to easily enter

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5
Q

Define a pathogen

A

A disease causing organism

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6
Q

What are the 4 different types of pathogens

A

1- Viruses
2- Bacteria
3- Fungi
4- Protists

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7
Q

What pathogen causes Diarrhoea and how is it spread

A
  1. Cholera (Bacteria)
  2. Spread in water
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8
Q

What pathogen causes lung damage and how is it spread?

A
  1. Tuberculosis (Bacteria)
  2. Airbourne
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9
Q

What pathogen causes leaf loss and bark lesions and how is it spread

A
  1. Chalara ash dieback (fungi)
  2. Airbourne
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10
Q

What pathogen causes damage to blood and liver and how is it spread?

A
  1. Malaria (protists)
  2. Animal vectors - mosquitos
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11
Q

What pathogen destroys white blood cells and leads to AIDs and how is it spread

A
  1. HIV (virus)
  2. Bodily fluids
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12
Q

What pathogen causes stomach ulcers and how is it spread

A
  1. Heliobacter (bacteria)
  2. Oral transmission
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13
Q

What pathogen causes haemorrhagic fever and how is it spread

A
  1. Ebola (virus)
  2. Bodily fluids
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14
Q

What are three ways the spread of pathogens can be reduced

A
  1. Improving hygiene
  2. Vaccination
  3. Removing vectors
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15
Q

Describe the lytic pathway of a virus (4 steps)

A
  1. Uses host cell machinery to replicate viral DNA
  2. DNA assembles creating new virus particles
  3. When host cell is full of particles, lysis occurs
  4. Repeats on nearby cells
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16
Q

Describe the lysogenic pathway

A
  1. Virus uses restriction enzymes to insert it’s DNA into host cell DNA
    2.As the host cell replicates, the viral DNA replicates also (however is dormant)
  2. Changes in the environment (e.g. a chemical trigger) cause the viral DNA to move to the lytic pathway
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17
Q

How can the spread of STI’s be reduced

A
  1. Barrier contraception
  2. Abstinence
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18
Q

What is the pathogen for Chlamydia and how does it spread

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Bodily fluids
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19
Q

What is the pathogen for HIV and how does it spread

A
  1. Virus
  2. Intercourse or the sharing of needles (Bodily fluids)
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20
Q

What does HIV do to the body

A

Leads to decreased lymphocyte numbers (AIDS) and reduced ability to produce antibodies

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21
Q

What are some physical barriers plants use to prevent disease

A

1- Thick cellulose wall
2- Thick waxy cuticle
3- Closure of the stomata

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22
Q

What are some chemical barriers plants use to prevent disease

A

1- Releases compounds that attract larger compounds which feed on vectors
2- Produces antimicrobial chemicals

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23
Q

How does plant barriers benefit human diseases

A

Plants produce antimicrobial chemicals which can be extracted and used in antibiotics

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24
Q

What affects does Chalara dieback of ash have on a plant

A

Causes malformations and browning of leaves

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25
Q

What affects does Tobacco mosaic virus have on a plant

A

Discolouration of leaves

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26
Q

What affects does Bacterial canker have on fruit trees

A

1- loss of leaves
2- stunted growth
3- formation of pus-filled lesions on trunks

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27
Q

What affects does Aphids have on a plant

A

Structural damage

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28
Q

How are plant diseases identified in labs (3 steps)

A

1- Cuttings are taken from the diseased plant
2. Virus/bacterium causing disease is grown on a agar plate
3. Pathogen is tested with an ELISA kit

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29
Q

How does mucus act as a physical barrier in the body

A

Traps bacteria and pathogens before they reach the lungs

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30
Q

How does Cilia act as a physical barrier in the body

A

Wafts away mucus that has trapped pathogens to be killed by stomach acid

31
Q

How does the skin provides protection from pathogens

A

Provides a physical barrier protecting tissues and cells
chemical barrier- secretes oils that kill pathogens

32
Q

How does lysozymes act as a chemical barrier in the body

A

Used by white blood cells to kill and digest bacteria

33
Q

How does hydrochloric acid act as a chemical barrier in the body

A

Kills bacteria in food reaching the stomach

34
Q

How do antibodies cause protection

A

1- Each pathogen has an antigen on it’s surface
2- Antibodies bind to antigen causing pathogens to clump together
3- Easier for phagocytosis to occur

35
Q

What are memory lymphocytes

A

A type of lymphocyte that recognises an antigen introduced before causing the antibodies needed to be produced at a faster rate

36
Q

How does phagocytosis protect the body

A

They engulf and consume pathogens destroying them

37
Q

How does antitoxins protect the body

A

Neutralise toxins released by the pathogen by binding to them

38
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

1- Vaccines contains a dead form on a pathogen
2- Stimulates white blood cells to produce complimentary antibodies

39
Q

What are the advantages of vaccination (2)

A

1- They’ve eradicate diseases
2- Epidemics can be prevented through herd immunity

40
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccination

A

1- Not always effective
2- Bad reactions may occur in response to vaccine

41
Q

Why is it only bacterial infections/diseases can be treated by antibiotics

A

Antibiotics work by inhibiting cell’s function - the other 3 pathogens don’t rely on cell function but host cells to reproduce

42
Q

What is a culture medium

A

Contains carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and vitamins allowing bacterium to grow

43
Q

What are the two ways microorganisms can be grown

A

1- nutrient broth solution
2- an agar gel plate

44
Q

NA

A

NA

45
Q

How to grow microorganisms via an agar plate

A

1- Practicle should be done by a Bunsen flame tp sterlise the environment
2- Swirl the bacterial suspension to make sure that the bacterial culture is well mixed.
3- Sterilise the inoculating loop by heating it in flame
4- Allow for the loop to cool down to prevent the killing of the bacteria
5- use loop to transfer microogranism solution into agar in a side-to-side motion
6- Tape lid back onto dish and place in an incubator for 25 degrees placing it upside down to prevent condensation from effecing practicle

46
Q

Devise a method to investigate the effects of bacterial and non bacterial antibiotics

A

1- Draw lines on the lid of the petri dish to separate where disks will be placed
2- Ensure practical is done near a Bunsen burner
2- Soak filter paper disc in your first antiseptic for a set amount of time
3- Using tweezers place disc into it’s section on the dish
4- Repeat with 2 other antiseptics and a control (sterile water)
5- Secure the lid with tapes and incubate at 25 degrees for 48 hrs

47
Q

How do you calculate zone of inhibition

A

1- Measure the radius from the antiseptic disk to the end of the region where bacteria has not grown
2- area = πr2

48
Q

What is preclinical testing

A

using cells, tissues and live
animals

49
Q

What is clinical testing

A

Using volunteers or patients

50
Q

How does Clinical testing work

A

1- Tested on healthy volunteers with a low dosage
2- Tested on patients - half are given the drug the other half are given a placebo

51
Q

Difference between single blind and double blind when doing clinical testing

A

1- Single blind (only the doctors know whose receiving a placebo)
2- Double blind (neither the doctor nor patient know whose receiving the placebo)

52
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced

A

1- Antigens are injected into a mouse causing lymphocytes to be produced
2- They’re combined with tumour cells to form hybridoma cells
3- The hybridomas are able to divide and produce the same antibody

53
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests

A

1- When women are pregnant the hormone HCG is present
2- As a women urinates onto the stick the HCG hormone binds to blue beads containing HCG specific monoclonal antibodies
3. Blue beads HCG are pushed along pregnancy stick and then HCG also binds to fixed antibodies as well
4. This causes for the blue strip to show

54
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used for testing for the location of cancer cells

A

1- Cancerous cells have antigens on the surface
2- Monoclonal antibodies can be modified to bind to these antigens
3- When the antibodies are injected they bind with cancer cells and clump them together making them easier to spot

55
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used for locating blood clots

A

1- Monoclonal antibodies are bind to fluorescent dye
2- The antibodies are modified to bind to antigen on blood clots
3- Under UV the antibodies glow to show where the blood clots are located

56
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies designed to cure cancer

A

1- Antibodies are attached to drugs that are used to treat the tumours
2- They are then able to specifically bind to the antigens on the cancerous cell

57
Q

What is an advantage of using antibodies instead of drug and radiotherapy treatments

A

They only specially bind to the tumorous cells therefore healthy cells are not affected

58
Q

What is a disadvantage of using antibodies instead of drug and radiotherapy treatments

A

As they are produced from mice lymphocytes they may produce an immune response in humans

59
Q

What lifestyle factors may cause cardiovascular disease

A
  • High dietary intake of saturated fats
  • Statuary lifestyle (inactive)
60
Q

What lifestyle factors may cause several forms of cancer

A
  • smoking/alchohol
  • Unbalanced diet
  • Inactivity
  • Excessive sun intake
61
Q

What lifestyle factors may cause some lung and liver diseases

A
  • excessive smoking
  • excessive drinking
62
Q

In which patients are diseases influenced by nutrition most common in

A
  • Anorexic patients
  • Patient’s that struggle to absorb nutrients
  • Obese patient’s
63
Q

What lifestyle factors cause obesity

A

Unhealthy diets
Inactiveness
(taking in more calories than you burn)

64
Q

What lifestyle factors cause malnutrition

A

Eating fewer calories than we use

65
Q

How is BMI calculated

A

mass (kg) ÷ height ² (m)

66
Q

How do you work out waist-hip ratios

A

waist circumference ÷ hip circumference

67
Q

What BMI is classified as obese

A

Over 30

68
Q

What hip to waist ratio is classidied as obese in women and males

A

Women = over 0.85
Men = over 1

69
Q

How does alcohol lead to liver disease

A

Liver cells die when processing alcohol - the more cells that die fats and toxins can’t be broken down

70
Q

How does smoking increase the chances of gaining cardiovascular diseases

A

Cigarette chemicals make the walls of your arteries sticky causing fatty material to stick blocking the flow of blood to the heart

71
Q

What are some treatments for cardiovascular disease

A
  1. Life-long medications
  2. Surgery
  3. Lifestyle changes
72
Q

How does a coronary artery bypass preformed

A

Taking a blood vessel from another part of the body, usually the chest, leg or arm, and attaching it to the coronary artery above the blocking.

73
Q

How are stents used to help with cardiovascular disease

A
  1. A small metal mesh tube and balloon attached to a catheter is inserted into coronary arteries
  2. The balloon is inflated
  3. Balloon and catherter is removed and mesh keeps the artery open
74
Q
A

Biology: Paper 1 (5 decks)

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