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Biology: Paper 1 > SB2 > Flashcards

SB2 Flashcards

Cells and Control

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of DNA

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2
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A thin strands of DNA

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3
Q

What is a diploid number of cells

A

The full amount of chromosomes within a cell

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4
Q

What is a haploid number of cells

A

Half of the amount of chromosomes within a cell

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5
Q

What is the diploid and haploid number of cells within humans

A

Diploid: 46
Haploid: 23

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6
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
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7
Q

What happens in Interphase?

A

The cell grows, replicates its DNA and prepares for cell division

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis

A

Cell membrane pinches to form two indentical daughter cells

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10
Q

What is Mitosis required for?

A
  1. Growth: producing new cells
  2. Repair: replace damaged/dead cells
  3. Asexual reproduction
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11
Q

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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12
Q

What happens in Prophase

A
  1. DNA condenses
  2. Chromosomes become visible
  3. Nuclear membrane breaks down
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13
Q

What happens in Metaphase

A
  1. Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
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14
Q

What happens in Anaphase

A

Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

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15
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

Two new nuclei form at the end of the cell

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16
Q

How does cancer occur

A

By mitosis. Uncontrolled cell growth and division and can lead to tumour growth.

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17
Q

What are the two types of tumours?

A
  1. Benign
  2. Malignant
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18
Q

What are Benign tumours?

A
  1. Abnormal cell growth that is not cancer.
  2. Does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
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19
Q

What are Malignant tumours

A
  1. Cancerous cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites.
  2. Disrupt the functions of organs
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20
Q

How does growth occur in humans

A
  1. Cell division
  2. Cell differentiation
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21
Q

How does growth occur in plants

A
  1. Cell division
  2. Cell elongation
  3. Cell differentiation
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22
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions in an organism

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23
Q

What is cell elongation in plants?

A

Where hormones (such as auxins) cause cells to grow longer in response to stimuli

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24
Q

What are percentile charts

A

measurements that show where a child is compared with other kids

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25
Q

What issues can be flagged up on percentile charts

A
  1. Malnutrition
  2. Obesity
  3. Inconsistences in growth
  4. Sudden changes in trends
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26
Q

What does is mean if a baby is on the 25th percentile for mass

A

They are lighter than 75% of children their age and heavier than 25%

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27
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell that can turn into a specialised cell

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28
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Cells from early embryos that can develop into any cell type in the human body.

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29
Q

What are adult stem cells

A

Cells found in the bone marrorw that can only differentiate into blood cells

30
Q

Where are meristems found

A

In roots and shoots

31
Q

What is the function of meristems

A
  1. Can differentiate into any type of plant
  2. Can be used to make clones of plants
32
Q

What is therapeutic cloning

A

to use a person’s DNA to clone one of their organs for use in transplanting

33
Q

What is the positives of stem cells

A

Can be used to repair damaged and diseased body parts

34
Q

What are the the negatives of stem cells

A
  1. Risk of rejection
  2. Removal of stem cells can cause destruction in the embryo
  3. Could cause uncontrolled cell division which can lead to tumours
35
Q

What is the function of the Cerebrum

A

1- consciousness
2- memory
3- intelligence
4- visual and sensory processing

36
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

1- controls fine movements of the muscles
2- responsible for co-ordination

37
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Responsible for automatic bodily functions i.e breathing, digestion, swallowing and sneezing

38
Q

How do CT scans work

A
  1. X-ray radiation is fired at the brain from various angles
  2. Produces a 3D image of the brain
39
Q

What is the main purpose of CT scans

A

Exanimating bleeding to the skull and damage to brain structures

40
Q

How do PET scans work

A

1- A radioactive tracer is injected into the blood before scanning
2- Tracer builds in in areas with a higher blood flow
3- Will be highlighted on the resulting scan

41
Q

What are PET scans used for

A

Identifying cancerous tumours (as the use more blood than normal tissue)

42
Q

Why is it difficult to investigate the brain

A

1- It’s complex and delicate
2- It’s easy damaged and any damage could alter motor or personality permantely

43
Q

How does the Central nervous system work

A

1- Receptor cells convert a stimulus into electrical impulse
2- Impulse travels along sensory neurons to the CNS
3- Impulse is sent across motor neurons to effectors
4- Effectors carry out a response

44
Q

What is a reflex

A

An electrical response that bypasses the conscious areas of the brain

45
Q

Describe the 5 steps of a reflex arc

A

1- A stimulus is detected by receptors
2- Impulses are sent along a sensory neuron
3- the impulse bypasses CNS to a relay neuron
4- Impulses are sent along a motor neuron
5- The impulse reaches an effector and an appropriate response occurs

46
Q

What are two examples of reflex arcs

A

1- Pupils getting smaller to in bright light
2- Moving your hand from a hot surface

47
Q

What’s a synapse

A

The gap between two neurons

48
Q

How do synapses assist in the transmission of electrical impulses

A

1- Impulse reaches the end of the first neuron neurotransmitters are realised into the synapse
2- This neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse
3- Once the neurotransmitter reaches the second neuron it triggers the impulse to begin again in the next neuron

49
Q

Why are some nerves myelinated

A

Acts as an insulator which speeds up the speed of electrical impulses

50
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

A transparent lens that refracts light as it enters the eye

51
Q

What if the function of the lens

A

Transparent disc that adjusts width to focus light onto the retina

52
Q

What is the function of the iris

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

53
Q

What is the the difference between rod and cones cells

A

Rods = detect light intensity
Cones = detect colour

54
Q

What is the function of the Retina

A

Contains light receptor cells

55
Q

What is the function of the pupil

A

Hole that allows light to enter the eye

56
Q

What is the process of accommodation within the eye

A

The process of where the eye adjusts to be able to see objects at different distances

57
Q

What is the ciliary muscle

A

A ring of muscle that contracts and relaxes to change the shape of the lens

58
Q

What are suspensory ligaments

A

Ligaments connecting the ciliary muscles to the lens

59
Q

How does the eye adjust to focus on near objects

A
  1. Ciliary muscles contract
  2. Suspensory ligaments loosen
  3. The lens is then thicker and move curved refracting more light
60
Q

How does the eye adjust to focus on more distant objects

A

1- Ciliary muscles relax
2- Suspensory ligaments tighten
3- Lens are made thinner; light is refracted less

61
Q

What is short sightedness called and how is it caused

A

myopia: when the lens are too curved light is refracted too much and the focal point falls in front of the retina

62
Q

What is long sightedness called and how is it caused

A

Hyperopia:
• lens is too flat
• eyeball is too small
• light can’t be refracted enough and focal point falls behind the retina

63
Q

What are cataracts

A

Clouding of the lens in the eye restricting vision

64
Q

What is colour-blindness

A

The inability to see certain colours do to the lack of cone cells in the retina

65
Q

How can myopia (short-sightedness) be treated

A

Concave lenses - allow light to be spread out to reach the retina

66
Q

How can hyperopia (long-sightedness) be treated

A

Convex lenses - bring rays of light together to reach the retina

67
Q

How does the eye respond in bright rooms

A

1- Photoreceptors detect light change
2- Radial muscles relax
3- Pupil constricts
4- Less light enters the eye

68
Q

How can cataracts be treated

A

Replacing the cloudy lens with an artificial one

69
Q

How does the eye adjust in dim lighting

A

1- Photoreceptors detect change
2- Radial muscles contract
3- Pupil dilates
4- More light enters the eye

70
Q

How is the growth of babies monitored

A
  1. Mass
  2. Length
  3. Head circumference

Biology: Paper 1 (5 decks)

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