Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology: Paper 1 > SB3 > Flashcards

SB3 Flashcards

Genetics

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A

1- Produces genetically different offspring
2- Variation provides a survival advantage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

1- It’s required for a species to find a mate
2- Takes a longer amount of time offspring to be produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A

1- only one parent needed
2- uses less energy and is faster
3- In favourable conditions offspring produce rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

1- lack of variation therefore prone to disease
2- species are only suited to one environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of meiotic cell division

A

Produces four genetically different daughter cells with haploid chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

A polymer containing double-stranded helix linked by a series of complementary base pairs joined with weak hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are nucleotides made of

A

A deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 organic bases and their complimentary pairing

A

A & T
C & G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s a genome

A

All the genetic information of a single organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s a gene

A

A short section of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the steps to extract DNA from fruit

A
  1. Mash fruit and mix into a beaker containing a solution of detergent and salt
    2- Filter the mixture into a test tube
    3- Add Ice-cold ethanol to filtrate
    4- DNA will appear as a white precipitate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the use of detergent when gathering the DNA from fruit

A

It breaks down the cell membranes and nuclear membranes so the fruit cells can release their DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the use of salt when gathering the DNA from fruit

A

Causes the DNA to stick together so it’s more visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the use of ice-cold ethanol when gathering the DNA from fruit

A

Causes the DNA to precipitate and therefore make it more visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

n/a

A

n/a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is protein-synthesis

A

Process of making a protein from DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the steps for transcription

A

1- Two strands of DNA helix are unzipped by helicase enzyme
2- RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA in a noncoding region just in front of the gene
3- RNA polymerase makes a complementary copy of the code where T base is replaced with U (mRNA)
4- mRNA leaves the nucleus to then attach to a ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the steps for translation

A

1- Ribosome reads the code on mRNA as codons
2- Each codon codes for a specific amino acid
3- tRNA bind with their specific amino acid in cytoplasm (anticodons)
4- Anticodons bind with Codons creating a peptide bond
5- Process continues until a stop codon is reached
6- polypeptide chain forms to fold into a protein

19
Q

How does genetic variants in the non-coding DNA of a gene affect a phenotype

A

RNA polymerase binds to non-coding DNA so a variant can affect the amount of RNA polymerase that can bind to it therefore affecting the final protein structure

20
Q

How does genetic variants in the coding DNA of a gene affect a phenotype

A

Alters the sequence of bases therefore changing the sequence of amino acids and the activity of the protein

21
Q

What was Gregor Mendel’s inheritance theory

A

Individuals inherit one allele from each parent which then are randomly to the next generation

22
Q

How did Gregor Mendel demonstrate his inheritance theory through pea plants

A

He studied the inheritance of different characteristics in pea plants
1. When he bred green-pea plants with yellow pea plants, all the offspring produced yellow pea plants
2. When the yellow pea plants then self-fertilised some pea plants were green This was because the allele for green pea plants is recessive
dominant and the allele for yellow pea plants is dominant

23
Q

Explain why there are differences in the inherited
characteristics as a result of alleles

A

Different combination of alleles within each person produces a different characteristic

24
Q

What is a gamete

A

An organism’s reproductive cell

25
Q

What is a chromosome

A

a long stand of DNA

26
Q

What is an allele

A

Different forms of the gene

27
Q

Define a dominant allele

A

Only 1 out of the 2 alleles are needed to be expressed

28
Q

Define a recessive allele

A

Two copies are needed for it to be expressed

29
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

When both inherited alleles are the same

30
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

When one of the inherited alleles is dominant and other is recessive

31
Q

What’s a genotype

A

The combination of alleles that determine an organelle’s characteristics

32
Q

What’s a phenotype

A

The physical characteristics that are observed

33
Q

What’s a zygote

A

A fertilised egg cell

34
Q

What is a punnet square used for

A

working out the probability of offspring inheriting some characteristics.

35
Q

What is a family pedigree used for

A

To determine disease inheritance patterns within a family

36
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance

A

the inheritance of a single gene that has two alleles, one dominant and one recessive.

37
Q

How is the sex of offspring determined genetically

A

23rd chromosome = sex chromosome
- X chromosome from female and X chromosome from male and = girl (XX)
- X chromosome from female and Y chromosome from male = boy (XY)

38
Q

What is codominance

A

Two dominant alleles are expressed in the same phenotype

39
Q

How is blood type A represented

A

IA IA or IA IO

40
Q

How is blood type B represented

A

IB IB or IB IO

41
Q

How is blood type AB represent

A

IA IB

42
Q

How is blood type O represented

A

IO IO

43
Q

Why are men more likely to have sex-linked genetic disorders

A

need to inherit only one recessive mutant X allele to be affected since the Y chromosome is too short

Biology: Paper 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions