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--gcse subjects-- > SB4 - SB5 > Flashcards

SB4 - SB5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evolution?

A

a change in the characteristics of a species over time

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2
Q

What is natural selection?

A

a process where certain organisms are most likely to survive and reproduce rather than other members of that species because they have certain genetic variations.

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3
Q

what is inheritance?

A

the survivors breed and pass on their variations to the offspring.

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4
Q

Why shouldn’t you stop taking your dose of antibiotics early?

A

-some bacteria are more resistant than others therefore more antibiotics are needed to kill them.
-if u stop taking the dose these resistant bacteria wont be killed and will divide more by mitosis
-which makes more resistant bacteria and being harder to kill.

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5
Q

list the classification system and the 5 kingdoms.

A

classification system = kingdom , phyllum, class, order, family , genus , species

5 kingdoms = animals , plants , fungi , protists, prokaryotes

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6
Q

List the definition of archaea, bacteria and eukarya.

A

archaea = no nucleus , genes have unused sections of DNA
bacteria = no nucleus , no unused sections of dna
eukarya - contain nucleus , unused sections in genes

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7
Q

artificial selection -
selective breeding -
genetic engineering -

A

artificial selection - humans choose certain organisms based on characteristics

selective breeding - humans choose organisms with certain characteristics and breed more of these organisms

genetic engineering - changing the DNA of an organism.

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8
Q

What is tissue culture and what are the benefits?

A

the growing of cells or tissue in a liquid containing nutrients.

-produce plants which are at risk of extinction
-able to grow synthetic cells
-in medicine culturing a thin layer of cells shows how cells communicate

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9
Q

how can an artificial bladder be produced for a patient?

A

stem cells from patient are placed onto bladder like structure and encouraged to form epithelial cells to cover the structure.

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10
Q

what are risks of selective breeding?
risks of genetic engineering?

A

-some alleles that become rare of disappear may be useful in the future.
-genetically similar so they are vulnerable to same conditions

-could affect food chains and health

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11
Q

How do you genetically engineer bacteria?

A
  1. section of dna containing genes used to make human insulin is cut out using a restriction enzyme, this creates sticky ends.
  2. same r.e is used to cut a plasmid open so they have same sticky ends.
  3. human gene and plasmid are both mixed & the sticky ends pair up.
  4. Ligase joins ends together
    5.plasmids inserted back into bacteria, a recombinant plasmid is formed and left to grow.
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12
Q

What is the structure answer for a question about evolution?

A
  1. Genetic variation
  2. Environmental change
  3. Natural selection
  4. Inheritance
  5. Evolution
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13
Q

What order were the fossils found in?

A

Ardi, lucy , homo Habibis, homo erectus, homo sapiens

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14
Q

What is a disease and pathogen?

A

disease - a problem with a structure or process in the body which isn’t caused by an injury.

pathogen - a microorganism which causes disease

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15
Q

List the definition of a communicable and non-communicable disease?

A

communicable - diseases caused by pathogens, can be passed from an infected person to an individual

non-communicable disease cant be passed from person to person

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16
Q

Why is your body more likely to have another disease?

A

a disease damages the body’s natural barriers and defences allowing pathogens to get in ur body more easily.

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17
Q

disease caused by protein deficiency?
symptoms of disease?
good sources in diet?

A

kwashiorkor
enlarged belly, failure to grow properly
meat,fish,dairy

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18
Q

disease caused by vitamin c deficiency?
symptoms of disease?
good sources in diet?

A

scurvy
swelling and bleeding gums, muscle and joint pain, tiredness
citrus fruits, broccoli

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19
Q

disease caused by vitamin D/calcium deficiency?

A

rickets
soft bones, curved leg bones
vitamin D oily fish
calcium : dairy products

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20
Q

disease caused by iron deficiency?
symptoms of disease?
good sources in diet?

A

anaemia
tiredness, red blood cells = smaller
dark leafy veg, red meat

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21
Q

what is cardiovascular disease? and what is a sign of it?

A

the circulatory system functioning poorly
high blood pressure

22
Q

why can tobacco substances effect your body?

A

some of the substances are absorbed from lungs into blood which then gets transported around the body which can damage blood vessels, increase blood pressure and make them narrower.

23
Q

how can a stent be used to treat someone with cardiovascular disease or narrow blood vessels?

A

the narrow blood vessel is widened using a stent at the narrowest part to hold it open.

24
Q

how cann blocked arteries in the heart be bypassed?

A

by inserting other blood vessels so the heart tissue is supplied with nutrients again.

25
Q

list the symptoms of the disease and type of pathogen.

cholera
tuberculosis
chalara dieback

A
  1. bacteria, causes dihhorea (communicable)
  2. bacteria, causes lung damage (communicable)
  3. fungi, leave loss and bark lesions
26
Q

list the symptoms of the disease and type of pathogen

malaria
stomach ulcers
ebola

A
  1. protists causes damage to blood and liver, fever, sickness
  2. bacterium, stomach ulcers
  3. virus Internal bleeding and fever
27
Q

how do viruses work?

A

they multiply by infecting a cell and taking over the cells DNA copying processes to make new viruses

28
Q

why do people with hiv develop aids?

A

hiv Attacks and destroys white blood cells in the immune system therefore their immune system can’t protect them from secondary infections.

29
Q

infections such as colds causes a person to cough…

A

sending droplets containing pathogens into the air and once in the air these flu viruses can survive for a day.

30
Q

explain why killing mosquitoes can help control spreads of malaria.

A

Mosquitoes are the vectors for the
malarial protist Plasmodium. If there are
no mosquitoes, then there is no vector to
carry the Plasmodium from an infected
person to other people, so this stops
malaria spreading

31
Q

controlling the spread of a pathogen may involve…

A

controlling the spread of a vector.

32
Q

2 ways to stop spread of chorela

A
  1. boil water before using to kill any pathogens
  2. wash hands thoroughly after using toilet
33
Q

describe the lytic life cycle

A
  1. virus attaches to cell and injects its viral genetic material.
  2. genetic material forms a circle
  3. new viral genetic material and proteins are produced and assembled
  4. cell lyses, releasing viruses to attach onto other cells
34
Q

describe lysogenic cycle

A
  • genetic material forms a circle
    -viral genetic material inserts itself into bacterial chromosome
    -bacterium produces normally , replicating v.g.m at each division
    -occasionally the v.g.m separates from the bacterial chromosome causing a lytic cycle.
35
Q

What happens if a pathogen gets through a plants physical barrier (cuticle)?

A

they penetrate the tough cell walls to get inside the cells by releasing enzymes to soften the cell wall.

36
Q

instead of using physical defences on herbivores..

A

plants use chemical defences such as poisons or repellents

37
Q

what is an advantage to the potato plant only producing substances when attacked?

A

Making substances requires energy,
so making a substance only when it
is needed saves energy.

38
Q

name an example of a plant used to treat symptoms.

A

aspirin comes from plants and is used to treat symptoms of pain or fever

39
Q

name aseptic techniques.

A

-autoclave to prepare sterile growth medium
-keeping lid covered

40
Q

describe 3 ways a plant disease may be identified.

A
  1. visible symptoms
  2. diagnostic testing in the lab, such as
    identifying genetic material,
  3. distribution analysis
41
Q

name on physical barrier of the body and one chemical.

A
  1. mucus traps pathogens entering through
    nose and breathing tubes
  2. hydrochloric acid in the stomach that has a high pH will kill pathogens.
42
Q

what are antigens and antibodies and lymphocytes -

A

antigen - proteins on the surface of a cell
antibody - protein produced by lymphocytes
lymphocytes - a type of white blood cell that creates antibodies

43
Q

how does the immune system attack pathogens?

A
  1. pathogens have unique antigens on their surface
  2. lymphocytes with an antibody that fits the antigen will be activated
  3. lymphocyte divides to produce clones
  4. some lymphocytes secrete large amounts of antibodies which stick to antigens to destroy pathogen
44
Q

vaccines ..

A

create immunity to pathogens by containing weakened pathogens or bits of the pathogens containing the antigens

45
Q

why must new antibiotics and other medicines be developed to help control infection?

A

many kinds of bacteria are evolving resistance so they are no longer harmed by the antibiotic.

46
Q

what is an antibiotic? and why are they useful

A

substances that either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell processes stopping them growing or reproducing.

useful bc they dont have an effect on human cells making it useful for attacking bac infecs the i.s cant control

47
Q

stages of developing a new medicine.

A
  1. tested on cells or tissues in a lab (pre-clinical stage)
  2. then tested on animals if successful to see how it works on the whole body
  3. then tested in a small clinical trial on healthy ppl
  4. then used in a large clinical trial on ppl infected with the disease. and sold in markets.
48
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies?
what is a hybridoma cell?

A

many identical amounts of antibodies produced in a lab.
a cell made by fusing a lymphocyte and with a cancer cell

49
Q

how do you produce a monoclonal antibody?

A
  1. a particular antigen is injected into a mouse which produces a lymphocyte that makes antibodies against the antigen
  2. The lymphocyte is fused with a cancer cell
  3. This hybridoma cell will then divide and produce many identical antibodies against the antigen
50
Q

how are antibodies used to identify a blood clot in a patients brain?

A

create antibodies that attach to the platelet and make them slightly radioactive and inject it into the patient where the antibodies will attach to the platelets when the patient is scanned the blood clot will be present

51
Q

how would monoclonal antibodies that deliver drugs to kill cancer cells be produced?

A

inject antigens for the cancer cell into a mouse
the mouse will create lymphocytes containing antibodies against it
fuse it with a cancer cell to produce a hybridoma cell that contains antibodies against the cancer cell antigen

--gcse subjects-- (11 decks)

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