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--gcse subjects-- > SB1 - 3 > Flashcards

SB1 - 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells

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2
Q

What is the interphase process?

A

When all sub cellular structures are replicated exactly to 94 chromosomes

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3
Q

What is mitosis?

A

cell division used to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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4
Q

Disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine

A

Ethical issues, causes cancer, immune system may kill of the medicine

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5
Q

What is the longest part of mitosis?

A

The interphase

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6
Q

What types of cell do mitosis only take place in?

A

Diploid (46 chromosomes)

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7
Q

How do you calculate plant growth?

A

Final mass - starting mass
———————————— x 100
starting mass

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8
Q

What are meristems and where are they located?

A

Part of a plant where mitosis happens quickly. Found in plants shoots and roots

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9
Q

What can adult stem cells specialise into?

A

Blood type cells like platelets, red blood cells, whote blood cells, partly specialised immune system cells

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10
Q

What are the purpose of receptor cells?

A

To detect stimuli

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous systems?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral

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12
Q

Does a motor neurone contain a dendron?

A

No but it contains an axon

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13
Q

How can we spot the difference between a sensory and motor neurone

A

Where the cell bodies are placed

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14
Q

What is the purpose of dendrites

A

They receive impulses from receptor cells

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

Its a fatty later that insulates the neurone allowing electrical impulses to travel faster

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16
Q

What is a synapse and neurotransmitter?

A

Synapse - A gap between 2 neurons they are used for strength and direction
Neurotrasnmiter - chemical released into a synapse

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17
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Neurone pathways which bypass parts of the brain involved in processing info

18
Q

Name the 4 parts of the brain and their functions.

A

Medulla oblongata - controls heart and breathing rate
Cerebral cortex - controls personality, behaviour, language consciousness etc.
cerebellum - posture and balance
brain stem/spinal cord - connects to the spinal cord

19
Q

What is a cataract?

A

A cataract in the eye is a protein which builds up inside the lens creating a ‘cloudy’ blur in vision.

20
Q

How do short and long sighted people’s vision work?

A

Short sighted people- have longer eyeballs which means the rays are too short to reach the retina .
Long sighted people- have shorter eyeballs which means the image focuses behind the retina.

21
Q

Why do our pupils either expand or shrink?

A

Our pupils expand or shrink to protect the eye from damage. Its a reflex action.

22
Q

List the parts of the eye and their processes.

A

*use sticky notes

23
Q

How is food moved through the digestive system?

A

peristalsis

24
Q

What is asexual reproduction and what are advantages and disadvantages?

A

Asexual reproduction - doesn’t require fertilisation, only requires 1 parent.

advantages - much quicker, only 1 parent, ideal for areas that have unequal amounts of gender.

disadvantages - both vulnerable to disease since they are both genetically identical.

25
Q

What is asexual reproduction most rare and common in.

A

rare in vertebrates.
common within invertebrates.

26
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division used to produce haploid gametes.

27
Q

What is a gene and genome?

A

gene - a section of DNA which contains instructions to make a protein.
genome - all of an organisms DNA

28
Q

Explain the process of meiosis.

A

1st the interphase happens
2nd the chromosomes split into pairs
3rd the pairs then separate again into 2 haploid gametes

29
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA?

A

A - Adenine
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine

30
Q

What makes genes slightly different from person to person?

A

Because we have little differences in our genes caused by slightly different orders of bases in our DNA.

31
Q

What forms the backbone of a double helix?

A

Sugars (deoxyribose)
Phosphates

32
Q

Describe the stage of transcription (1) during protein synthesis.

A
  1. Enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a non-coding section of DNA
  2. Enzyme separates DNA strands
  3. RNA polymerase adds complimentary RNA nucleotides to template strands
  4. Nucleotides link forming a mRNA
33
Q

Describe the stage of translation (2) during protein synthesis.

A
  1. mRNA strand travels out nuclear pores
  2. mRNA strands attach to ribosomes
  3. Ribosomes move along mRNA strand 3 bases at a time
    -each 3 bases is called a codon.
  4. At each codon a molecule of tRNA with complimentary anticodons line up.
    - each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid
  5. As ribosomes move along it joins amino acids together forming a polypeptide.
34
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

A recessive allele

35
Q

How is your blood group determined?

A

By the type of marker molecules you have on the outside of your red blood cells.

36
Q

what is the definition of codominant?

A

when both alleles for the gene affect the phenoytype

37
Q

explain sex linked disorder in males and females.

A

If a males Y chromosomes is missing some genes found on the X chromosome this means the male will only have one allele for some of the genes on the X chromosome. If the allele for one of these X chromosome genes causes a genetic disorder the man will develop this disorder.

since females have the same chromosomes (XX) she will have a healthy allele on her other X chromosome. If the disorder allele is recessive she wont get the disorder.

38
Q

What is a sex linked disorder

A

disorders that show a different pattern of inheritance in men and women

39
Q

What is variation and the 2 types?

A

Changes in the characteristics of an individual within a population.
1. Genetic variation - where different alleles are inherited during sexual reproduction.
2. Environmental variation - Where your characteristics are affected by your surroundings.

40
Q

What is discontinuous and continuous variation? And how can it be shown?

A

Discontinuous - where data can only take a limited set of values. Frequency bar chart with gaps
Continuous - where data can be any value in a range.
Frequency bar chart without gaps.

41
Q

how is a calorimeter used?

A

As the food burns, energy is transferred
by heating to the water. The change in
temperature of the water is a measure of
the amount of energy released from the
food.

--gcse subjects-- (11 decks)

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