SB2 - The Brain and Eyes Flashcards
What are the steps in Mitosis? (In order)
Mitosis
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
What happens in Interphase?
Mitosis
The contents inside of a mother cell duplicate.
What happens in Prophase?
Mitosis
The chromosomes condense while the membrane around the nucleus breaks down.
What happens in Metaphase?
Mitosis
The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
What happens in Anaphase?
Mitosis
Cell fibres pull apart the chromosomes. The chromosomes go to opposite ends of the cell.
What happens in Telophase?
Mitosis
Membranes form around each set of chromosomes, causing a divide down the middle.
What happens in Cytokinesis?
Mitosis
The cytoplasm and membranes finally divide and separate into two sister cells.
Why is Mitosis important?
Mitosis
So an organism can grow, repair itself, or asexually reproduce.
Why do asexual organisms rely on asexual reproduction?
Mitosis
To keep the population levels high- because they are the bottom of the food chain.
Define diploid
(Mitosis)
Double, two haploid cells come together.
Define haploid
(Mitosis)
Half- half of a diploid.
How do cancers grow?
Mitosis
One gene in a cell may change, causing a cell to grow uncontrollably, then creates a mass of abnormal cells. Tumours invades/destroys surrounding tissue.
Define growth in animals
(Mitosis)
Increase in cell number and size.
Give 3 examples of specialised animal cells
Growth in animals
Egg cells, sperm cells, red blood cells, white blood cells, ciliates epithelial cells
Define cell differentiation
(Growth in animals)
The process in which a cell changes to become specialised for its job. Specialised cells makes an organism more efficient.
Are stem cells differentiated or undifferentiated?
Stem cells
Undifferentiated
Where are stem cells found?
Stem cells
In bone marrow and animal embryos.
What are stem cells?
Stem cells
Cells that have the potential to grow into anything, such as organs. Embryo’s stem cells are more flexible as they turn into organs and muscles whereas stem cells from the bone marrow more commonly turn into white or red blood cells.
Where can stem cells be used in medicine?
Stem cells
Baldness, bone marrow disorders, blood cancers, immune system disorders, spine and brain related disorders.
Why are people opposed to stem cell research?
Stem cells
Abortion
What is the brain made up of?
The brain
Corpus cellosum, frontal lobe, hypo fellomos, thalamus, pituitary gland, cerebellum, cerebrum, medulla oblongata.
What are cerebral hemispheres?
The brain
The two halves of the brain.
What is the function of the hypo fellomos?
The brain
Body temperature and water
What is the function of the cerebrum?
The brain
It controls muscles, movement, memory, language, vision, emotion, and logic.
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
The brain
Puberty and hormones.
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
The brain
It controls heart rate and breathing (unconscious acts)
What is the function of the cerebellum?
The brain
Co-ordination and balance.
What is the definition of a CT scan?
The brain
An x-ray of the brain to show images of the brain. It shows the main structures but not the function. It can also show damage to the brain, which could be a potential loss of the function for a patient.
Give the definition of a PET scan
The brain
Fancier than CT scans, it uses radioactivity to show activity of the brain. They are very detailed and can be used for studying disorders that change the brain’s activity e.g. mental health disorders.
What is one disadvantage of a CT scan
The brain
They don’t show the activity of the brain, only what functions/doesn’t function in the brain
Give one advantage of the PET scan
The brain
Easier to diagnose disorders for patients, it’s clearer to see the brain
Explain the effects of spinal cord damage
The brain
Loss of bladder/bowel control, exaggerated spasms, pain/intense stinging, change in sexual functions, and sexual sensitivity.
What would happen if there was damage to a certain part of an organism’s brain?
(The brain)
It would lose the function from that area of the brain.
What are the main pain reactors?
The brain
The spinal cord and the brain.
List 2 parts of the nervous system
The nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves
State the 5 senses
The nervous system
Touch, taste, sight, hearing, and smell
Define stimulus
(The nervous system)
Change in something that is detected e.g. pain
Define receptors
(The nervous system)
Parts of sense organs and they detect each stimulus
State the co-ordinators
The nervous system
The brain and the spine
What is the function of an effector?
The nervous system
Make reactions happen e.g. pain reactions
What are effectors?
The nervous system
Muscles and glands
State the order of a response to pain
The nervous system
Stimulus Receptor Co-ordinator Effector RESPONSE
State the three different neurones
The nervous system
Sensory neurone, motor neurone, and the relay neurone
Give one example of how neurones are adapted to their functions
(The nervous system)
The myelin sheath that surrounds the axon/dendron insulates and quickens the electrical impulse
What are sensory neurones attached to?
The nervous system
Other neurones
Where is the nucleus placed on a sensory neurone?
The nervous system
On the dendron
What is the motor neurone attached to?
The nervous system
A muscle or gland
Where is the nucleus placed on the motor neurone?
The nervous system
Before the axon
What is the relay neurone attached to?
The nervous system
Other neurones
Where is the nucleus placed on a relay neurone?
The nervous system
Before the axon inside of the cell body
What is the function of a neurone?
The nervous system
To pass an electrical impulse for a reaction.
What are the main parts of the eye?
The eye
The lens, the fovea, the ciliary muscle, the suspensory ligaments, the pupil, the iris, the cornea, the conjunctiva, the sclerotic, the choroid, and the retina.
What is the function of the lens?
The eye
Focus light onto the retina
What is the function of the optic nerve?
The eye
Carries impulses from the eye to the brain
What is the function of the retina?
The eye
Detects colour and details
What is the function of the ciliary muscles?
The eye
Changes the thickness of the lens
What is the function of the pupil?
The eye
To shine light through the eye.
How can long-sighted eyes be corrected?
The eye
Glasses with convex lenses.
How can short-sighted eyes be corrected?
The eye
Glasses with concave lenses.
Define a cataract
(The eye)
A cataract is a cloudy layer over the lens that doesn’t allow light into the eye normally.
What are the effects of cataracts?
The eye
Visible colour is less vibrant and difficulty seeing bright lights.
What can be done to reverse cataracts?
The eyes
Lens replacement surgery.
What are effectors?
Synapses
Effectors are what makes the response happen.
What do neurotransmitters do when they reach another neurone?
(Synapses)
They send an electrical impulse to a receptor they are attached to.
Define synapses
(Synapses)
Connection between 2 neurones.
