SB1: Key Concepts in Biology Questions Flashcards
What are prokaryotic cells?
Small, simple cells without a nucleus.
Give an example of a prokaryotic cell.
Bacteria.
What are prokaryotes?
Single-called prokaryotic organisms.
What are eukaryotic cells?
A complex cell that contains a nucleus and other subcellular structures.
Give an example of eukaryotic cells.
Any animal or plant cell.
What are eukaryotes?
Organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells.
What is contained within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
Genetic material /DNA /chromosomes.
What is the role of the nucleus?
It controls the activities of the cell.
Name the gel-like substance contained within a cell:
Cytoplasm.
What is the role of cytoplasm?
It is where most chemical reactions happen.
Name the subcellular structure that holds the cell together:
The cell membrane.
Give the role of the cell membrane:
- It controls what goes in and out of the cell.
2. It’s a subcellular structure that holds the cell together.
Name the subcellular structure where respiration takes place:
Mitochondria.
Which subcellular structures are involved in protein synthesis?
Ribosome.
Which stage of protein synthesis is the ribosome involved in?
The second stage (translation).
Name three structures that plant cells usually have but animal cells do not:
Cell wall, chloroplasts, large permanent vacuoles.
Which plant subcellular structure is usually made from cellulose?
Cell wall.
What is the function of the cell wall?
A rigid structure that supports and strengthens plant cells.
Which plant subcellular structure contains cell sap?
Permanent vacuole.
What is cell sap made from?
A weak solution of sugar and salts dissolved in water.
*sheet said slats
What is the function of cell sap?
To maintain the internal pressure of a cell, to provide support.
Which plant subcellular structure is only found in photosynthetic cells?
Chloroplasts.
What chemical reaction takes place in chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis.
Name the green substance contained within photosynthetic cells:
*may be chloroplasts not photosynthetic cells, double check
Chlorophyll.
What is the function of chlorophyll?
To absorb the light energy needed for photosynthesis.
Name the parts of a bacterial cell:
A single circular strand of chromosomal DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, plasmid DNA flagellum, ribosomes.
Name the part of a bacterial cell that controls the cells replication:
Single circular strand of chromosomal DNA.
Name the small loops of DNA found in many bacterial cells:
Plasmids.
What type of information is contained within plasmids?
Drug resistance.
Name the part of some bacterial cells that rotates to make the cell move.
Flagellum.
Describe flagellum:
Long hair-like structures.
Give two reasons why bacterial cells find it beneficial to have flagellum:
- They can move towards areas of beneficial condition as e.g. those high in nutrients and oxygen.
- They can move away from areas of harmful conditions eg chemicals, heat.
Fungal cells contain a nucleus, mitochondria, a cell membrane and a cell wall. What type of cell are fungal cells?
Eukaryotic.
Give one way a fungal cell is similar to a plant cell and different to an animal cell:
Fungal cells have a cell wall, like a plant cell, whilst animal cells do not have a cell wall.
Explain why multicellular organisms contain many different types of cell:
Each individual cell cannot carry out every life process so cells become specialised to do different jobs.
What word is used to describe these different types of cells?
Specialised.
What is the structure of each type of cell related to?
It’s specific function.
Name the four types of animal cells that you need to know how their structure are linked to their specific function:
Sperm cells, egg cells, small intestine cells and ciliates epithelial cells.
Which cell in the answer to the previous question is only found in males?
Sperm cells.
Name four adaptations of sperm cells:
Long tail / mitochondria concentrated area at base of tail / streamlined shape / acrosome / haploid nucleus of male DNA.
Name the adaptation that propels the sperm cell forward:
The tail.
Name the adaptation that provides the energy for the tail:
Mitochondria concentrates area at base of tail.
Name the adaptation that makes it easier for the sperm cell to move:
Streamlined shape:
Name the part of the sperm cell that contains enzymes:
Acrosome.
What is the function of the enzymes found in the acrosome?
To digest the cell membrane of the egg.
Where is the acrosome found?
In the front tip of the head.
What is the function of the sperm cell?
To transport male DNA to the female DNA found in the egg.
Which cell is only found in females?
Egg cells.
Name 3 adaptations of the egg cell:
- High nutrient content.
- Haploid nucleus/ nucleus with only 23 chromosomes.
- Cell membrane can change structure.
Name an adaptation that the egg cell and speed cell share:
A haploid nucleus/ nucleus with only 23 chromosomes.
Explain why the egg cell and sperm cell have a haploid nucleus:
To ensure that the resulting zygote has the correct number of chromosomes (46).
What adaptation happens straight after fertilisation?
The cell membrane changes structure.
Explain why the cell membrane changes structure after fertilisation:
To prevent any other sperm from entering the egg.
Explain why egg cells are very large cells:
They contain a large amount of nutrients in the cytoplasm to provide nourishment to the developing embryo.
Name two functions of egg cells:
- To carry the female DNA.
2. to nourish the developing embryo.
Name the two adaptations of egg cells that ensure a resulting embryo has the correct number of chromosomes:
- Haploid nucleus.
2. Membrane that changes structure after one sperm has entered.
Which of the following cell is found in the airways: Sperm cells, egg cells, small intestine cells and ciliates epithelial cells.
Ciliated cells.
What is the main adaptation of ciliated cells:
Hair-like structures on the top surface of the cell.
What is the function of ciliated cells:
To move substances in one direction along the surface of the tissue.
Explain why ciliated cells contain a high number of mitochondria:
To provide enough energy to move the cilia.
Where in a female body are ciliated cells found?
Fallopian tubes/oviduct.
What is the role of specialised cells found in the small intestine?
To absorb molecules through intestinal wall.
Name the subcellular structures that increase the rate of absorption molecules through intestinal wall:
Microvilli.
How are specialised cells adapted to their function:
They increase the surface area of the cell.
What is the study of very small objects?
Microscopy.
Which piece of scientific equipment is used to study things that are too small to see with the naked eye?
Microscope.
Name the first type of microscope:
Light microscope.
When was the first microscope developed?
1590s.
What can we see using microscopes?
Individual cells and large sub-cellular structures.
What is the maximum magnification of a microscope?
X 1500.
What is the maximum resolution (in mm) of a microscope?
0.0001mm.
How would you write in 0.0001mm standard form?
1x10^-4m.
How would you write 0.0001mm in nanometres?
100nm.
How do microscopes form an image?
Using light and lenses.
Write one picometre in standard form:
1x10^-12m.
Write one nanometre in standard form:
1x10^-9m.
Write six micrometres in standard form:
6 x 10^-6 m.
Convert 6mm into nanometres:
6,000,000nm / 6x10^6m.
Name the type of microscope that was developed in the 1930s:
Electron microscope.
How does an electron microscope form an image?
Using beams of electrons passing through a specimen.
What is the maximum resolution (in mm) of an electron microscope?
0.0000002mm.
What is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?
x 2,000,000.
Explain why electron microscopes images show more detail than light microscopes:
They have a greater magnification and a
greater resolution.