SB - 8-10 Flashcards
motor unit
alpha motor neuron in the ant horn of spinal column, its axon and all muscle fibers it innervates
contraction
result of many motor units firing asynchronously and repeatedly.
contraction - the ___ of contraction is dependent on the number of motor units firing
magnitude
anarobic metabolism
no oxygen –> lactic acid
concentric contraction -
muscle ___
___ class levers
muscle is the ___ force
shortens
3rd
effort
eccentric contraction -
muscle ___
___ class levers
muscle is the ___ force
lengthens
2n
resistance
isometric contraction
muscle ——
___ between effort and resistance forces
does not change in length
equilibrium
fasia are sheaths of ___ ___
CT
superficial fascia
directly under skin
allow for skin to move
deep fascia
attached to muscels, bones, and other CY
form bands, tracts and retinacula
retinacula
sheaths of fascia that hold tendons together
fascial planes
interconnected throughout the body
compartment syndrome
muscle belly enlarges and cannot expand bc of the fascia
passive tension
noncontractile
created by lengthening the muscle beyond the slack length
active tension
contractile
created by cross-bridge formation
total tension
the combo of passive and active tension developed during active contraction
agonist
prime mover
produces desired action
antagonist
muscle(s) directly opposite the agonist
they do not resist the desired motion, but do have the potential to do so
synergist
muscles that assist the agonist
shortened muscles
hyperactive and tight
due to overuse
long muscles
inhibited and lengthened
antagonist of a tight muscle
an imbalance may resulet in ___ movement –> ___ ___
faulty
joint dysfunction
length assessment
separate the origin and insertion
CT damage
any process or event that disturbs the nromal function of a specific joint structure, including muscle, will set up a chain of events that eventually affects every part of the joint and its surrounding structures
disease of CT effects
effects the normal biological function of tissues
injury/trauma of CT damages
the physical structure leading to weakening and possible instability and failure
immobilization is detrimental to ___ ___ and ___
joint structure and function
immobilization can lead to joint capsules and surrounding structures to ___
shorten
immobilization can lead to ____ and ___ lose collagen and cross linking ability and thus strength
ligaments and tendons
immobilization can lead to the loss of __% of strength of ligaments and tendons in 8 weeks; full recovery can take up to __ months
50
18
immobilization can lead to ___ ___ developing fibrofatty tissue, adhesions, cartilage atrophy, regional osteoporosis, increased water intake, and decreased proteoglycans
articular cartilage
hyaline
immobilization in shortened postion can lead to ___ ___ __ due to increased development of CT, loss of mass and atrophy
significant structural changes
repetative stress injuries
over use, repitive motion, repetitive strain injuries, disoorders or syndromes
joint structures are thought to fail due to lack of adequate ___ ____ between loads even though the loads may be within the normal loading rand for the tissue
recovery time
repetitive load/strain –>
eventual failure
vertebral column was built for ___, ____ and ___
mobility
stability
protection
___ vertebrae
33
___ discs
23
IVDs are cartilaginous smphsis joints consisting of 3 things
annulus
nucleus
end plates
2 facet joints
zygopophyseal
apophyseal
audible click from manipulations comes from ___ ___
facet joints
accessory motions
small involuntary motions that have to happen for the gross motion to occur
4 general motions
flex
extend
rot
lateral flexion
coupled motion
consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion about a different axis
in order for 1 to occur the other has to happen a little too
the amount of motion available is determined by the relative ___ of the ____
size
disc
C/S has ____ mobility than the L/S
more
typical C/S disc height =
~3mm
typical L/S disc height =
~6mm
difference between height of C/S disc and L/S disc
~6mm
direction of motion is determined by the orientation of the ___
facets
C/S facets face ___/____
direction of motion?
superior/post
any direction
T/S facets face ____
direction of motion
post
rotation
L/S facets face ____
direction of motion?
medial
flex and extend
C/S
relatively __
restrict ___ and ___ ___
little effect on ___ and ___
lax
rotatation and lateral bending
flex and extend
T/S
little effet on ___ due to other structures
ROM
L/S
restraint to ___ and ___
rotation and flexion
capsules are thickest in ___ and ___ junctions
C/T
T/L
compression result of
reult of gravity, ground reaction forces, and the pull of ligaments and muscles
tensile result of
results from resisting motion
bending result of
respons in compression and tension
torsion result of
created by rotation
shear result of
result of translation during flex and extention and lateral bending
triangle area of trabecular system on vertebrae reults in ___ resistance
minimum
compression fractures occur in the ___ of vertebral bodies
anterior
sacral curve
primary
thoracic curve
primary
cervical curve
secondary
develops as infants begin to raise their heads to standing upright
lumbar curve
secondary
develops between 1-10
spinal curves ___ the vertebral columns resistance to axial compressive forces
increase
the resistance of a curved column is directly ____ to the square of the number of curves plus 1
proportional
3x3(C/S+T/S+L/S)=
10 times more resistant than a stright column
average significance of a curve
95
94-96
exaggerated curve:
below 94
dynamic
modest curve =
above 96
static
Upper cervical region =
Co, C1, C2
Co-C1 allows for ___ degrees of flexion and ___ degrees of extension; total of __ degrees for nodding
15
15
30
C1/C2
__ degrees of rotation
___ degrees to both sides
55-58
45
___ flexion, extension and lateral bending at C1-C2
minimal
axis of rotation for C1-C2 starts at the ___ then shifts ____ to the mid-canal and aligns with the axis of the ___ ___
dens
posterior
medulla oblongata
C3-C7
allows for ___ ROM
all
C3-C7
___% of rotation
40
C3-C7 coupled motion of ___ and ___ ____
rotation
lateral bending
greatest neck flexion between C_ and C_
3
6
C_ and C_ have the greatest range of flex and ext
C5/C6
Axis of rotation for C3-C7 is along the ___ aspect of the bodies, at an angle bc of ____
lordosis
C/S ROM \_\_ degrees of flexion \_\_\_ degrees of extension \_\_\_ degrees of rotation (\_\_\_ degrees at \_\_\_-\_\_\_) \_\_\_-\_\_\_ degrees of lateral bending
40
60
80/45
35-45
compression load of the head is transferred through __-__ joint to the APs of __, then through the ___ and ___ of the lower C/S
Co-C1 (occipital condyles)
C2
bodies and APs
from C3 to C7, the load is carried by ____ column and 1/3 by the two ____ columns
anterolateral
posterolateral
compressive loads are greatest at the end ranges of ___ and ____
flexion
extension
rotation during flexion and extension also ___ loads on the C/S
increases
T/S allows for ___ motion
all
flex and ext are ___ from T1-T6 and is ___ from T9-T12
limited
greatest (bc of cage and orientation of facets)
lateral bending and rotation are freest in the ___ T/S
upper
lowe T/S coupled motion MAY be in the ___ direction. varies among individuals
opposite
upper T/S and C/S coupled motion is always in the ____ direction
SAME/ IPSILATERAL
axis of rotation for the T/S is at ___ vertebral body
mid
T/S AROM \_\_\_ for flexion \_\_\_ for ext \_\_\_ for rotation \_\_\_ for lat flex
45
40
35
20
T/S can withstand greater compressive forces than C/S due to the amount of ___ ___ being supported
body weight
due to kyphosis, line of gravity falls ___ to the T/S, creating a ___ moment
anterior
flex
flex moment is counteracted in the T/S by the ___ __ and spinal ___ ___
post lig
extensor muscles
the greatest stress in the T/S is at the peak of the ____
kyphosis
l/s favors ___ and ___ expecially between __ and ___
flex
ext
L4
S1
___ and ___ ___ are limited and mostly occurs in ___ l/s
rot
lat bending
upper
couple motion:
lateral bending = flexion and ____ rotation
rotation = ___ lateral bending and slight flexion
ipsi
contra
axis of rotation for l/s is at the ___ SP
mid
little or no ___ __ or ___ are possible at L5/S1
lateral bending
rotation
lumbar pelvic rhyth
involves __ of L/S and __ tilt of the pelvis at the hips
flex
ant
L/S AROM \_\_\_ flex \_\_\_ ext \_\_ rot \_\_\_ lat bending
60
20
5
20
l/s withstands the compresssive loads of the upper body in ___ and ___ situations
static
dynamic
l/s ___ compressive loads due to muscle ___ and carrying weight
increased
contraction
___% of the load of the l/s is born by the vertebral bodies and IVDs and ___% by the facets
80
20
l/s compressive loads can increase over __% just from walking
50
l/s is subject to ___ shear forces due to the lordodic furve, body weight and ground reaction forces
ant
ant shear force of the l/s is resisted by the ___ ___ and ___ __ ___ muscles
facet joints
deep erector spinae
SI joint
structure and function change significantly with ___ and ___
growth and development
SI joint
motion is ___ and linked to motion at the ___ ___
slight
pubic symphysis
in childhood, SI joint is ___ and allows for gliding in ___ ranges
smooth
all
sacral nutation
sacral promontory (base) moves anterior and inferior while the coccyx moves post
sacral counter nutation
sacral promontory moves post and sup while the coccyx moves ant
farabeufs theory of sacral nutation
axis of tilt is at the interosseous ligament, just post to the going
bonnaires theory of sacral nutation
axis of tilt is at bonnaires tubercle, near the center of the joint
weisels theory
1-
2-
1- no axis of tilt; purely translational
2- axis is in the pelvic bowl and varies person to persin
SI jt suppor a large portion of body weight, therefore __ is extremely important
stability
compressive loads of body weight cause a ___ torque on the sacrum
nutation
concomitantly, ground reaction forces cause ___ tilt forces on the ilia
post
compressive and ground reaction forces are resisted by the intricate system of ligs and muscle attachments that ___ the SI joints
stabilize
SI joint irregularities that develop with age also help with ___ by limiting motion while facilitating vertical load bearing
stability
pubic symphysis primarily resists ___ forces during gait, although very little movement occurs
shear
dislocation of the pubic symphysis creates pelvic instability during gait as well as __ stress on the hip joints and vertebral column
increases
