SB - 4-7 Flashcards
mechanical advantage is the measure of ____ ____ of al ever system
mechanical efficiency
mechanical advantage is dependent on the type of ___ system and the _____ between the torque of an ____ force and the torque of a ___ force
lever
relationship
external
muscular
m ad =
mechanical advantage
EA =
effort arm
effort arm is the distance between ____ and where ___ ___ is applied
fulcrum
effort force
RA =
resistance arm
resistance arm is the distance between ____ and where the ___ ___ is applied
fulcrum
resistance force
third-class levers = ____ contraction
concentric
third class always at a mechanical _____
disadvantage
third class levers - the effort force magnitude must always ____ the resistance force magnitude
exceed
third class levers - mechanical advantage ___ ___ 1
less than
second class levers = ___ contraction
eccentric
second class levers are always at mechanical _____
advantage
second class levers - the effort force magnitude can be ___ ___ the resistance force magnitude
less than
second class levers - mechanical advantage ___ ___ 1
greater than
second class levers - allowing for ___ control
fine
first class lever may be mechanical ____. ____, or ____
advantage, disadvantage, neutral
first class levers are more often at mechanical ____ in the human body because the resistance arm tends to be much ____ than the effort arm
disadvantage
resistance
effort
first class levers - mechanical advantage ___, ____, or ___ to 1
greater
less
equal
open chain
one end of a segment or set of segments is free to move in space
open chain - each joint can move _____ of the others
independent
closed chain
both ends of a segment or set of segments are constrained and not move to move in space
closed chain - joints are ____ when movement occurs
effected
form ____ function
follows
form also includes the composition of a ___
joint
human CT and joints depend on ____ to assume final form; they can adapt to ___ demands even after they’ve achieved mature form
function functional
the function of a joint is both dependent on and affects ____ and ___
structure and composition
the mobility of a joint is ___ related to joint stability
inversely
more movement = ___ stability
less
more stable = ____ movement
less
wolffs law - adaptation of bone to ____
demands
Wolff’s law - bone (and CT) remodels to ___
stress
bone and collagen have electric fields which exhibit ____ properties
piezoelectric
increased tension = ___ effect which has a ___ charge
anode
positive
positive charge attracts ___
osteoclasts
increased compression = ___ effect which as a ___ charge
cathode
negatice
negative charge attracts ____
osteoblasts
the change in electrical flow ___ and ___ cells of remodeling
attracts
realigns
tensile forces attract ___
osteoclasts
compressive forces attract ____
osteoblasts
CT proper varies in ___ and ___
density and eleasticity
cartilage has ___, ___, and ____
hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
2 types of bone
compact and spongy
bone is the ___ CT due to inorganic ___
hardest
hydroxyapatite
blood is fluid with ___ components
cellular
collagen is the most ___ protein in the human body
abundant
collagen is the main substance of ___ ___
connective tissue
collagen is sometimes referred to as the ___ of the body
glue
collagen accounts for ___-___% of all protein found in mammals
25-30
collagen has tremendous ___ strength; proves the ____ integrity of CT
tensile
functional
ligaments connect ___ to ___
bone to bone
ligaments have __ cells with ___ extracellular matrix
few
much
ligaments have mostly ___ with some ___
collagen
elastin
tendon connect ___ to ___
muscle to bone
tendons have a similar composition as ___
ligaments
bursae are flat sacs of ___ membrane containing ___ fluid
synovial
synovial
cartilage is made up of mostly ___
collagen
