SB - 4-7 Flashcards
mechanical advantage is the measure of ____ ____ of al ever system
mechanical efficiency
mechanical advantage is dependent on the type of ___ system and the _____ between the torque of an ____ force and the torque of a ___ force
lever
relationship
external
muscular
m ad =
mechanical advantage
EA =
effort arm
effort arm is the distance between ____ and where ___ ___ is applied
fulcrum
effort force
RA =
resistance arm
resistance arm is the distance between ____ and where the ___ ___ is applied
fulcrum
resistance force
third-class levers = ____ contraction
concentric
third class always at a mechanical _____
disadvantage
third class levers - the effort force magnitude must always ____ the resistance force magnitude
exceed
third class levers - mechanical advantage ___ ___ 1
less than
second class levers = ___ contraction
eccentric
second class levers are always at mechanical _____
advantage
second class levers - the effort force magnitude can be ___ ___ the resistance force magnitude
less than
second class levers - mechanical advantage ___ ___ 1
greater than
second class levers - allowing for ___ control
fine
first class lever may be mechanical ____. ____, or ____
advantage, disadvantage, neutral
first class levers are more often at mechanical ____ in the human body because the resistance arm tends to be much ____ than the effort arm
disadvantage
resistance
effort
first class levers - mechanical advantage ___, ____, or ___ to 1
greater
less
equal
open chain
one end of a segment or set of segments is free to move in space
open chain - each joint can move _____ of the others
independent
closed chain
both ends of a segment or set of segments are constrained and not move to move in space
closed chain - joints are ____ when movement occurs
effected
form ____ function
follows
form also includes the composition of a ___
joint
human CT and joints depend on ____ to assume final form; they can adapt to ___ demands even after they’ve achieved mature form
function functional
the function of a joint is both dependent on and affects ____ and ___
structure and composition
the mobility of a joint is ___ related to joint stability
inversely
more movement = ___ stability
less
more stable = ____ movement
less
wolffs law - adaptation of bone to ____
demands
Wolff’s law - bone (and CT) remodels to ___
stress
bone and collagen have electric fields which exhibit ____ properties
piezoelectric
increased tension = ___ effect which has a ___ charge
anode
positive
positive charge attracts ___
osteoclasts
increased compression = ___ effect which as a ___ charge
cathode
negatice
negative charge attracts ____
osteoblasts
the change in electrical flow ___ and ___ cells of remodeling
attracts
realigns
tensile forces attract ___
osteoclasts
compressive forces attract ____
osteoblasts
CT proper varies in ___ and ___
density and eleasticity
cartilage has ___, ___, and ____
hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
2 types of bone
compact and spongy
bone is the ___ CT due to inorganic ___
hardest
hydroxyapatite
blood is fluid with ___ components
cellular
collagen is the most ___ protein in the human body
abundant
collagen is the main substance of ___ ___
connective tissue
collagen is sometimes referred to as the ___ of the body
glue
collagen accounts for ___-___% of all protein found in mammals
25-30
collagen has tremendous ___ strength; proves the ____ integrity of CT
tensile
functional
ligaments connect ___ to ___
bone to bone
ligaments have __ cells with ___ extracellular matrix
few
much
ligaments have mostly ___ with some ___
collagen
elastin
tendon connect ___ to ___
muscle to bone
tendons have a similar composition as ___
ligaments
bursae are flat sacs of ___ membrane containing ___ fluid
synovial
synovial
cartilage is made up of mostly ___
collagen
3 types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
fibrocartilage is ___ in color
white
fibrocartilage is ___ with limited ___
tough
mobility
fibrocartilage occurs in joints with ___ motion
limited
IVDs, labra, SIs what kind of cartilage
fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage is ____
articular
hyaline is ___ and very ___
tough
smooth
hyaline cartilage occurs at the ___ of bones
ends
hyaline greatly reduces ___
friction
elastic cartilage is __ in color
yellow
elastic cartilage is also called ___
elastin
elastic is very ___ and ____
flexible
resilient
ears, nose, skin, etc has ___ cartilage
elastic
ligaments are 20% ___ and 80% ____
cellular
extracellular
tendons are more ___
cellular
cellular components of tissue account for ___ and ___ of extracellular matrix
synethesis and maintenance
extracellular matrix has 2 components
non-fibrous
fibrous
non fibrous components have 2 components
glycoproteins
proteoglycans
non fibrous components provide ___ support for cells, ___ and ____ water
structural
attracts
binds
fibrous components of extracellular matrix provides ___, ___ support and ___
framework
structural
elasticity
load
external forces applied to a structure
load produces ____
deformation
stress
internal reaction to applied force
strain
relative material deformation resulting from stress
toe region
slack is removed with minimal force
elastic region
the structure returns to its original dimensions
yield point
between elastic and plastic regions
plastic region
deformation is permanent
ultimate failure point
material fails under loadt
tissue slack =
toe region
end range =
elastic region
push/exceed elastic region
sprain (plastic region)
when in the elastic region the structure is able to _____ to its original dimension
return
in the plastic region the deformation is ____
permanent
at the ultimate failure point the material ____ under load
fails
tensile loading creates ____ stress and strain
tensile
compressive loading creates _____ stress and strain
compressive
shear loading is the result of ____ equal forces in ____ directions
parallel
opposite
torsion loading is the result of forces applies ___ to the ___ axis of a structure
perpendicular
long
bending forces combined ___ and ___ stresses and strains
tension
compression
viscosity is a materials resistance to ___; a ___ property
flow
fluid
elasticity os a material’s ability to ___ after deformation
recover
creed - material deformation to a ___ load; the original form is ___ after the load is removed; one characteristic of ____
maintained
regained
viscoelasticity
rupture
failure, tearing and disruption of CT fibers; usually tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissue structures
avulsions
tearing off of a bony attachments
fracture
a failure of bony tissue
grade I sprain
only few fibers involved; good chance of recovery
grade II sprain
more fibers involved and partial tearing; does not completely recover
grade III sprain
complete rupture; no chance of revoceryl possible bone involvement
bon can withstand significantly more _____ forces than _____ forces before failure
compressive
tensile
tendons - good ____ strength; a ___ in tensile forces leads to ___, especially at the ____ junction; most vulnerable at the ____
tensile reduction atrophy musculotendonous ends
ligaments - similar to ____; ___ tensile strength but can handle a wide range of ____ directions better than tendons; immobilization can lead to ____; much ___ recovery time than tendons
tendons less load atrophy longer
cartilage - responds well to ___ forces and recovers ___ due to fluid exudation and imbibitions
compressive
rapidly
synarthroses connect ___ components to ___/____ CT
bony
fibrous/cartilaginous
cranial sutures, gomphoses and symdesmosis examples of ___ types of syndesmoses joints
fibrous type of syndesmoses
pubic symphysis, IVDs, and areas of bone growth are examples of ___ types of syndesmoses
cartilaginous type of syndesmoses
diarthroses connect ___ surfaces indirectly by means of a ___ ___
bony
joint capsule
5 features of a diarthroses joint
a joint capsule a joint cavity inner lining of synovial tissue synovial fluid hyaline cartilage on joint surfaces
uniaxial synovial joints - motion occurs in ___ plane and around a ___ axis of rotation
one
single
hinge joint example
fingers
pivot joint examples
median atlantoaxial joint (dens)
biaxial synovial joints - motion occurs in __ planes and around ___ axes of rotation
two
two
condyloid joints - has 1 ___ and 1 ___ surface that __ over each other in 2 directions
concave
convex
slide
condyloid joint examples
MCPs
occipital condyles
saddle joints - each joint surface is both ___ in 1 plane and ___ in another
concave
convex
saddle joints example
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
triaxial synovial joints - motion is in __ planes and around ___ axes of rotation
three
three
plane joints permit ___ in several directions
gliding
plane joints examples
carpal and tarsal bone joints
ball and socket joints allow ____ and ___, __ and __, ___ and ___ and combos of all
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
rotation
ball and socket joint examples
illiofemoral joint (hip) glenohumeral
open kinematic chain -
one end of the chain is not fixed and one joint can move independently of others
closed kinematic chain -
one end of the chain is fixed creating a closed system; movement of one joint automatically causes movement in others in the chain
active ROM
the amount of motion allowed by active voluntary movement my skeletal muscle contraction
passive ROM
the amount of motion allowed by passively moving a joint past its active ROM
over pressure - stretching ligs and tendons
involuntary movement
end-feel
the “springiness” allowed by the soft tissues at the end of passive ROM
normal ROM is also known as ___ or ___
anatomic
physiologic
determining factors for normal ROM include 4 things
joint shape
joint capsule/ligament
muscle/tendon
surrounding structures
three main motions for normal ROM
roll
slide
spin
slide - one surface ___ over another
glides
sliding is purely ____
translatory
spin - ___ of 2 surface over another
rotation
when adjusting you will have a ___ in the paraphysiological space
cavatation
close packed position
joint surfaces?
ligaments and capsules?
joint play?
maximally in contact
ligaments and tendons are maximally tight
minimal joint play
loose packed position
joint surfaces?
joint play?
joint surfaces are free to move relative to each other
maximum amount of joint play
any position other than close-packed
abduction of the GH joint to 180 degrees requires ___, ___ and ___
roll
slide
spin
4 classes of human CT`
CT proper
cartilage
bone
blood
