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T1 - Dani's SpinalBio > SB - 1-3 > Flashcards

SB - 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

The application of mechanical laws to living structures… Specifically to the locomotor system of the human body
Considers the physics of movement of a body in space

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2
Q

Kinematics

A

The branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the motion of objects, including displacement, velocity and acceleration, without taking into account the forces that produce motion

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3
Q

Kinetics

A

The study of the relationships between the force system acting on a body and the changes it produces in body of motion

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4
Q

What are the three body/cardinal planes?

A

Sagittal
Coronal
Transverse

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5
Q

Sagittal body plane

A

Anterior to posterior
The vertical plane that divides the body into right and left
Flexion and extension occur in this plane

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6
Q

Coronal body plane

A

Frontal
Vertical plane that divides the body into front and back
Lateral or side to side motion

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7
Q

Transverse body plane

A

Horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower components
Rotation occurs in this plane

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8
Q

Cartesian coordinate system/axis of motion

3 axis?

A

X
Y
Z

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9
Q

X axis

A

Runs side to side

Flexion and extension occur around this axis, but in the sagittal plane

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10
Q

Y axis

A

Runs up and down

Rotation occurs around this axis, but in the transverse plane

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11
Q

Z axis

A

Runs front to back

Lateral bending occurs around this axis, but in the coronal plane

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12
Q

Center of mass (CoM)

A

Theoretical construct that is defined as a point about which the bodies mass is equally distributed

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13
Q

Center of mass (CoM) =

A

Center of gravity (CoG)

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14
Q

Center of Gravity (CoG)

A

The hypothetical point at which all the mass of the object or segment appear to be concentrated

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15
Q

Where does the center of mass lie in anatomical position?

On average, it depends on the proportions

A

Lies anterior to the second sacral tubercle

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16
Q

Location of CoM is __________

A

VARIABLE
depends on the body position
- lowering the CoM above the base of support increases the stability

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17
Q

Base of Support (BoS)

A

The area which supports the mass above

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18
Q

Translational Motion

A

Linear displacement
Each point on a segment moves in a straight line through the same distance, at the same time, through parallel paths.
Ex. Push or pull a glass

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19
Q

Rotational motion

A

Angular displacement
Each point on a segment moves in a curved path around a fixed axis through the same angle, at the same time, at a constant distance from the axis
Lift water glass at elbow

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20
Q

General Motion

A

A combo of transitional and rotational motion
Involves instantaneous center of rotation (ICoR) or instantaneous axis of rotation (IAoR)
In the body, most joint rotation occur across 3 planes (are 3 dimensional) and involve helical or screw axis type motion

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21
Q

Line of support

A

Falls between the legs when standing in anatomical position

Must fall within the base of support to remain stable

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22
Q

Newton’s First law

A

law of inertia; an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force

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23
Q

static equilibrium

A

remains motionless when acted on by forces

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24
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

remains in constant motion when acted on by forces (rare in the human body)

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25
Q

Newton’s 2nd law

A

law of acceleration - the acceleration of an object is proportional to the net forces acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass; greater the mass, the more force it takes to move it; nfl lineman = more mass, more force to move it

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26
Q

Newton’s 3rd law

A

the law of reaction - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; the force you apply, a part will come back into your body

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27
Q

linear force system

A

two or more forces act on the same object, in the same plane, and in the same line. lines of force run parallel to each other. not very common in the body

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28
Q

concurrent force system

A

the lines of force are at angles to each other and converge at some point either internal or external to the object. any two forces can be composed into a single resultant force

29
Q

tissue slack and line of drive may be used, but the actual procedure is performed using the

A

resultant vector

30
Q

resultant vector

A

putting all lines of drive and tissue slack together

31
Q

distraction forces

A

a net force that mvoes an object (bony segment) away from an adjacent object (bony segment). pulling 2 objects away from each other

32
Q

tensile forces

A

forces that create opposite pulls on an object; opposite forces are necessary to create tension (ligaments and joint capsules) end feel. create tensile forces by distraction

33
Q

accessory motions

A

small, involuntary movements of a joint that are necessary to produce its gross movement

34
Q

coupled motion

A

groups of motions that are necessary to produce the gross motion

35
Q

body works on a ____ system; increases the

A

pulley; mechanical advantage

36
Q

gravitational forces

A

the result of gravity on an object

37
Q

contact forces

A

reaction forces resulting from the push of one object against another; aka joint reaction forces when it involves two contiguous joint surfaces. 2 objects touching each other (knee joint while laying down)

38
Q

compression forces

A

two forces that cause joint reaction forces. knee while standing: compression in the joint

39
Q

close packed position

A

clase packing a joint - the rotation of 1 segment of a joint relative to the adjacent segment (twisting), drawing the adjacent articular surces into contact (compression). This is caused by creating tension in the caspuloligamentous structure. this is when the joint is at its most stable

40
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

L5 slips forward. grade 5: completely off base of the sacrum

41
Q

when there is trauma, ___ rushes to help stabilize and reinforce resulting in ___ ___

A

calcium; bone spurs

42
Q

shear forces

A

any forces that are parallel to contacting surfaces, attempting to move one object on another. ex: hands together

43
Q

friction forces

A

potentially exist whenever there is contact force and is opposite the direction of the shear force.

44
Q

must have a ____ force to produce a friction force

A

shear

45
Q

the friction force is trying to ___ glide

A

resist

46
Q

____ is the opposite of shear forces

A

friction

47
Q

shear and friction forces play a significant role in

A

vertebrae

48
Q

torque/moment force

A

the strenth of rotation produced in an object when an isolated force does not pass through the CoM. A combo of rotatory and translatory motion. there is always torque in the body.

49
Q

parallel force systems

A

two or more forces applied to the same object that are parallel to each other

50
Q

torsional moment

A

occurs when torque forces produce a rotation of a segment around its long axis. Most muscles produce torques/moments around two or more axes because they attach at the periphery of the bones

51
Q

torsional forces create a “______” motion between two objects

A

twisting

52
Q

total muscle forces

A

the resultant vector of the concurrent force system is produced by the fibers of a muscle contracting. vector is from the point of application or muscle attachment and parallel to the muscle fibers and tend. the direction of pull is always towards the center of the muscle.

53
Q

every muscle pulls on each of its attachments every time it exerts a ____

A

force

54
Q

muscle pulls along a

A

tendon

55
Q

anatomical pulleys

A

bones that alter the direction of pull of a muscle. They deflect the action line of a muscle away from the joint axis, thus increasing the moment arm (MA) and torque produced by a muscle force

56
Q

MA of a force and torque are greatest when at ___ degrees to the segment and minimal at ___ degrees

A

90; 0

57
Q

first class lever

A

rare in the body; the axis lies between the effort force and the resistance force

58
Q

second class lever

A

the resistance force lies between the axis and the effort force

59
Q

eccentric contraction

A

2nd class lever; muscle lengthening as it contracts

60
Q

concentric contraction

A

3rd class lever; muscle shortens as it contracts

61
Q

3rd class lever

A

the effort force lies between the axis and the resistance force

62
Q

when the muscle is the effort force=

A

concentric contraction

63
Q

when the muscle is resistant force=

A

eccentric contraction

64
Q

when effort force=resistance force (no net torque) =

A

isometric contraction

65
Q

weight ___ mass (on earth)

A

equals

66
Q

weight = / mass (on the moon)

A

1/6

67
Q

weight = ___ in space

A

0

68
Q

weight = ____ x ___ ___ ___

A

mass

force of gravity

69
Q

force = ___ x _____

A

acceleration

T1 - Dani's SpinalBio (5 decks)

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