SB 17 & 18 lecture test 2 Flashcards
Nervous system pathways conduct ?
both sensory information and motor impulses
Another name for sensory pathways is ______ pathways.
Ascending
A primary neuron of a somatosensory pathway?
extends to the spinal cord or brainstem
Primary neuron
name cell body and orgins
Posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
secondary neuron
name cell body and orgins
Posterior horn of the spinal cord or a brainstem nucleus
Tertiary neuron
name cell body and orgins
Thalamus
Communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral body structures occurs along pathways, each of which consists of a CNS axon bundle called a _______
tract
Sensory pathways conduct proprioceptive information from the limbs to the brain as well as the sensations of touch, temperature, pressure, and ______
pain
Receptors that supply the posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway with information include _______ and ______ receptors.
proprioceptors
tactile
A first-order neuron is the _____
first neuron to transmit sensory information from the periphery of the body to the brain
In terms of their functional classification in sensory pathways, secondary and tertiary neurons are ________, and primary neurons are sensory neurons.
Interneurons
What are the 3 major types of somatosensory pathways?
- Anterolateral
- Spinocerebellar
- Posterior funiculus- medial leminscal
The posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway uses a chain of ________ sensory neurons to communicate with the brain.
3
Conscious perception of the tactile or proprioceptor sensory input, which is transmitted to the cerebrum from the thalamus by an axon of a ________ neuron, occurs within the parietal lobe
tertiary
The name of the posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway is derived from the components of ______ matter that it extends through.
white
he type(s) of sensory information transmitted along the anterolateral pathway include _____&_____ and _____&_____.
1.crude touch and pressure
2. pain and temperature
The spinocerebellar pathway provides information to the brain related to _________ postural input?
Subconscious
The anterolateral pathway is also known as the _______ pathway.
spinothalamic
The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway is named after the posterior funiculus within the _____ _____ and the medial lemniscus within the _____
- spinal cord
- brain
The name of the spinocerebellar pathway is derived from _______
the origin of its tracts that ascend from the spinal cord to the cerebellum
The anterior funiculus and the lateral funiculus, through which it ascends, is the basis for the name of the ________ pathway.
anterolateral
Motor pathways are ______ pathways in the brain and spinal cord.
descending
Conscious perception of the tactile or proprioceptor sensory input, which is transmitted to the cerebrum from the thalamus by an axon of a ______ neuron, occurs within the parietal lobe
tertiary
Tracts that ascend from the spinal cord to the cerebellum are the origin of the name of the
_____ pathway
spinocerebellar
An impulse from a lower motor neuron ________ or _________ a skeletal muscle.
stimulates or excites
The conscious control of skeletal muscle activity is the responsibility of the ______ pathway.
Direct
The two descending motor tracts of the direct pathway are the ______ and ______ tracts.
corticonuclear corticospinal
Descending pathways in the brain and spinal cord that control the activities of skeletal muscle are called ______ pathways
motor
Which of the following is a termination site of the corticobulbar tracts?
cranial nerve nuclei
The cell bodies of ______ motor neurons are found in the cerebral cortex.
upper
The cell bodies of ______ motor neurons are found within brainstem cranial nerve nuclei or in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
lower
The corticospinal tracts descend through the brainstem and form the pyramids of the ______.
medulla oblongata
Which pathway is responsible for the subconscious control of skeletal muscle?
indirect
Axons of lower motor neurons of the corticobulbar tract form parts of the ______ nerves.
cranial
Skilled movements of the limb muscles is a function of the ______.
lateral corticospinal tract
Axons of upper motor neurons synapse with ______
interneurons or lower motor neurons
The two components of the corticospinal tracts are the _____ &______ corticospinal tracts.
lateral and anterior
Which of the following is an indirect motor pathway?
rubrospinal tract
Precise, discrete movements and tone in limb flexor muscles are controlled by neurons in the ______ indirect pathway.
lateral
what Decussate in medulla oblongata?
lateral corticospinal tracts
describe what happens in a cerebrovascular accident (stroke)?
the blood supply to the brain is CUT OFF
A mini-stroke is also known as a(n)?
transient ischemic attack TIA
The reticulospinal tract is an example of a(n) ______ motor pathway.
indirect
The three groups of tracts in the medial pathway include the ______ tract ______ tract and the ______ tract
1: reticulospinal
2: tectospinal
3: vestibulospinal
The lateral pathway consists of the ________ tracts that originate in the red nucleus of the midbrain.
rubrospinal
Which tract functions to control reflexive movements related to posture and maintaining balance?
reticulospinal tract
The simplest, unconscious motor patterns are controlled by neurons in the ______ and _____
brainstem and spinal cord
Our potential for higher-order mental functions is fixed within the first two years of life.
true or false
FALSE
Reason: While most myelination occurs within the first two years, brain growth continues and is 95% complete by age 5.
The medial pathway regulates reflexive tone and gross movements of the ______?
3
head
trunk
neck
The reticulospinal tract controls ______
Reflexive movements
The most complex, unconscious motor patterns are controlled by neurons in the ______.
cerebellum, cerebral nuclei, and mesencephalon
Two regions of the cerebral cortex that are critical for our facility with language are ______ area, which is associated with the ability to speak, and ______ area, associated with our ability to recognize written and spoken words.
Broca’s
Wernicke’s
Symptoms of agnosia vary, depending on the location of the lesion within the cerebrum.
true or false
true
The three groups of tracts in the medial pathway include the?
1: reticulospinal
2: tectospinal
3: vestibulospinal
During the first year of life, the number of ______ neuron(s) increases, and as development of the CNS continues, the number of ______ permits more complex reflex activity and mental functions.
cortical
synaptic connections
In right-handed individuals, the right frontal and left occipital lobes protrude slightly farther than the corresponding lobes on the opposite side; in left-handed individuals, left-frontal and right-occipital protrusion occurs. This hemispheric shape asymmetry, the protrusion of one cerebral hemisphere relative to the other, is called _______
petalias
Which statements are correct regarding dyslexia?
3
It is characterized by problems with single-word decoding.
It may be a form of disconnect syndrome.
Affected individuals may have trouble reading`
The inability to recognize or understand the meaning of various stimuli is called _____
agnosia
Define electroencephalogram (EEG).
a recording of electrical activity in the brain obtained by placing electrodes on the outer surface of the head
There is a direct correlation between the ______&______ of the central nervous system and a person’s ability to carry out higher-order mental processes.
maturation and development
An EEG is useful for ______.
3
investigating sleep disorders
evaluating seizures
diagnosing coma
The division of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems is directly based on ______
consciousness
Information management by the brain entails both _____ (the acquisition of new information) and ______ (the elimination of trivial or Non useful information
learning
forgetting
Infants typically need ______ hours of sleep per day.
17 to 18
How many motor neurons are needed to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction in the somatic nervous system?
one
The subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ______ division and ______ division.
parasympathetic sympathetic
A processing system of receiving, storing, and retrieving information is known as ?
memory
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system helps maintain _______ a constant internal environment.
homeostasis
The amount of sleep a person needs varies depending on ______ and ______
- age
- health
The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allow it to be also known as the _______ division
craniosacral
During times of relaxation, the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is most active and utilizes discrete and localized innervation, stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time.
parasympathetic
The ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris of the eye receive postganglionic axons from the ______.
Ciliary ganglion
The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in the ______.
brainstem and sacral divisions of the spinal cord
Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in pupil constriction when the eye is exposed to bright light?
Pupillary constrictor muscle
Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to control the production and secretion of tears, nasal secretions, and saliva?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Which cranial nerve associated with the parasympathetic division carries nervous stimulation to thoracic and abdominal organs?
vagus
Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle results in ______, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.
lens accommodation
Which autonomic ganglion provides postganglionic axons to the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Which cranial nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation that causes the pupil to constrict when the eye is exposed to bright light?
Oculomotor (CN III)
Postganglionic axons from the ______ ganglion supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands in the floor of the mouth.
submandibular
The vagus nerve, via parasympathetic innervation, causes the airways to ______.
decrease in diameter
Which autonomic ganglion is located near the junction of the maxilla and palatine bones?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder causes ______.
contraction of the smooth muscle in the bladder wall
Which branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons exiting the facial nerve terminates at the submandibular ganglion?
Chorda tympani nerve
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is anatomically known as the ______ division.
thoracolumbar
The nerve that causes increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in the organs of the digestive tract is the ______ nerve.
vagus
This area of gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
lateral horn
The sympathetic trunks are located immediately lateral to the ______.
vertebral column
Which segments of the spinal cord house the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?
T1-L2
the rami ______ connect the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk.
communicates
Which branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons exiting the facial nerve terminates at the submandibular ganglion?
Chorda tympani nerve
A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the “string” and sympathetic trunk _______ making up the “pearls”.
ganglia
Sympathetic splanchnic nerves are composed of ______ sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.
preganglionic
Which region of the body contains structures that receive sympathetic innervation from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia?
thorax
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the ______
anterior roots
Which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?
rectum
urinary bladder
Spleen
Liver
Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Stomach
The cardiac plexus consists of postganglionic ______ axons from the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as preganglionic ______ axons from the vagus nerve.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
What does the enteric nervous system innervate in the GI tract?
smooth muscle and glands
During an emergency or crisis situation, the sympathetic nervous system can trigger mass ______ in which many effectors respond together.
activation
The primary neurotransmitters that are used in the autonomic nervous system are _______ and norepinephrine
acetycholine
Increased parasympathetic activity from the cardiac plexus causes heart rate to ?
decrease
Reason: Because the parasympathetic division prepares the body for resting, it would decrease heart rate.
Axons that release norepinephrine are called
adrenergic
When parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions both continuously release neurotransmitter to regulate specific effectors for either sustained stimulation or inhibition, it is known as
autonomic tone
The enteric nervous system is an array of neurons found in the wall of the
GI tract
An organ receiving innervation from postganglionic axons from both divisions of the autonomic system has
dual innervation
In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ______ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ______.
constrict
dilate
Axons that release acetylcholine are called
cholinergic
A decrease in stimulation below the sympathetic tone causes vessel ______.
dilate
Which autonomic nervous system effector undergoes opposing effects without dual innervation?
blood vessels
Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons, that provide complex innervation to target organs are known as
autonomic plexuses
