lecture test 2 Flashcards
what is the eye structure that transmits and reflects light ?
cornea
ear development begins during the what week of embryonic life ?
4th week
what is the correct chronological sequence of events for hearing?
1.Tympanic membrane vibrates -sound enter outer ear
2. Auditory bones vibrate - cause epitympanic recess to vibrate
3. Pressure waves develop within the Cochlea and travel through Lymph
4. Organ of Corti - bends at frequency, starts AP
5. AP passes through spiral ganglia to inferior colliculus then to the primary auditory cortex
Where is the Saccule located?
Within the vestibule
vestibule is in the ear
What’s the order of the middle ear bones?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What is the function of the auditory tube?
to equalize the pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear
When does the lens of the eye flatten?
When the ciliary muscles relax
Which part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?
OPTIC DISC
what is the function of the Sclera?
it protects the inner eye and provides the shape of the eye
what is the diameter of the eye in in centimeters
2.5 cm
what kind of epithelium is the Conjunctiva composed of ?
Stratified columnar
what type of neurons are the olfactory receptor cells ?
Bi- polar neurons
What are the different types of tongue Papillae?
Filiform
Fungiform
Vallate
Foliate
what are the phasic receptors for light touch and pressure ?
Tactile corpuscles
what are the receptors for deep pressure and high frequency vibrations?
lamellated corpuscles
what are the receptors that respond to pain caused by external and internal stimuli ?
Nociceptors
what are the receptors that detect changes in light intensity, color and movement
photoreceptors
conscious awareness of incoming sensory information
sensation
the developing heart and lungs begin to receive autonomic innervation in what week of development?
10th week
what week does the sympathetic trunk begin to form ?
6th week
during the embryological development the autonomic nervous system forms from what
the neural tube cells & the neural crest cells
where are the centers for cardiac, digestive, and Vasomotor Functions housed ?
BRAIN STEM
what would be involved in an autonomic reflex ?
–Cardiac muscle contractions
–smooth muscle contractions
–gland secretion
when the autonomic nervous system division causes heart rate to increase
sympathetic
Which autonomic plexus innervates Viscera within the pelvic region ?
hypogastric
Characteristics of Sympathetic Division of the autonomic nervous system?
–Long postganglionic axons
– short preganglionic axons
–norepinephrine as a transmitter substance
–preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 spinal cord regions.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
where are the preganglionic Neuron Cell Bodies located?
what does it participate in ?
in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord region.
FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
Which part of your brain arouses you from sleep ?
reticular activating system
what is a condition in which a person loses memory of past events ?
RETROGRADE amnesia
which of the following functions will the angular gyrus be highly involved?
reading allowed
assembling instructions for a piece of Funiture
In most people the right hemisphere functions as the what?
Representational hemisphere
In most people the left hemisphere functions as the what?
categorical hemisphere
which of the following demonstrates hemispherical lateralization?
the left hemisphere is usually specialized for language activities
when is brain growth 95% complete
5
A desceding pathway does what ?
carries motor infomation from the brain the musles and the glands
An ascending pathway does what ?
carries sensory information from the body to the brain
A nucleus is what ?
A collection of neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system
A tract is what ?
a group of axons that travel together in the central nervous system
a nervous system pathway consists of two components what are they?
TRACT
Nucleus
what is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex?
Stimulus activates receptor → sensory neuron transmits signal → integration center processes information → motor neuron transmits response → effector responds.
injury to which the nerve causes the condition known as sciatica
sciatic
which nerve helps to plant the foot?
Tibial nerve
The largest and the longest nerve is the ?
SCIATIC
the plexus that supplys the upper limbs is the ?
brachial PLEXUS
The plexus that lie on either side of the neck are the?
cervical plexus
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
what is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord from superior to inferior ?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
Coccygeal
the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx is the ?
filum terminale.
The inferior tip of the spinal cord is the
Coccygeal
Which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae
cerebellum
which portion of the brain contains the posterior part of the 4th ventrical?
cerebellum
The infundibulum is attached to the what?
the pituitary gland.
which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus
The diencephalon.
Which nucleus contains muscular movement at the subconscious level
putamen
extend between the right and the left cerebral hemispheres
The commissural tracts
The association areas do what?
integrating new sensory inputs with past experiences.
the portion of the brain involved with vision is the ?
occipital lobe
hemisphere lateralization refers to?
functional differences between the right and the left hemispheres
the amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain at any given moment?
ranges from 100-160 mL
cerebrospinal fluid is formed by what?
the choroid plexus
the portion between the lateral ventricles?
septum pellucidum
which brain ventricle is located in the cerebrum ?
lateral ventricle
human intelligence is most closing related to?
the number of active synapses
can neural stem cells form new neurons ?
yes, in only certain portions of the CNS
ex. hippocampus
the type of neural circuit that makes sure we continue to breath while we are asleep is a ?
reverberating circuit
the type of neural circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several post-synaptic neurons
is diverging circuit
the type of neural circuit in which several neurons process the same information at the same time
parallel after discharge circuit
the type of neural circuit in which several nerve impulses come together at a single post- synaptic neuron
converging circuit
two types of synapses based on the mode of communication
chemical
electrical
axon approaches the cell onto which it will terminate it generally does what
branches repeatedly into several Terminale arborizations
axons terminate at each of these locations except for one?
other neurons
bone cells
smooth muscle cells glands
skeletal muscle cells
bone cells
what is a nerve ?
cable like bundle of parallel axons
what do all glial cells have in common ?
assist the neurons in there respective functions
Which glial cell helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cell
The most abundant glial cell in the CNS
astrocyte
Glial cells differ from neurons because
smaller + capable of mitosis
Functionally 99% of neurons are what type of neuron?
Interneurons
the cell body of a neuron is also called what?
perikaryon
Which of the following is not found the in the peripheral nervous system?
ganglion
cranial nerve
spinal cord
peripheral nerve
spinal nerve
spinal cord
