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Zoology 2090 > Sauropsid Amniotes > Flashcards

Sauropsid Amniotes Flashcards

1
Q

What two major components are important to look at when examining the evolution of the turtle’s body plan?

A
  • shell: vertebrae, ribs, osteoderms; scutes: keratin

- position of scapula inside rib cage

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2
Q

What are the two hypotheses about how the turtle’s body plan evolved?

A
  • gradual transformation

- rapid evolution via changes in developmental regulation

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3
Q

Which organisms make up lepidosaurs within the sauropsids?

A
  • tuatara: single extant species

- lizards and snakes

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4
Q

What are the skull adaptations is lizards and snakes?

A
  • loss of temporal bars around fenestrae (lower in lizards, upper and lower in snakes)
  • opening of skull transcranial joints across top of skull (front orbit in snakes, rear orbit and back of skull in lizards)
  • rotation of quadrate bone about dorsal connection with braincase
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5
Q

Briefly describe the cranial kinesis in lizards. What joints are used?

A
  • equal perpendicular force of jaws on food, less chance of prey escaping
  • mesokinetic joint
  • streptostylic joint
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6
Q

Briefly describe the cranial kinesis in snakes.

A
  • lower jaw loosely hinged
  • sides of mandible come apart, connected only by skin, allows for large prey
  • skull and upper jaws moveable
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7
Q

T or F: The loss of limbs is not a successful adaptation

A

False: this trait has evolved several times, many amniote species are limbless

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8
Q

What is lateral undulation?

A
  • form of limbless locomotion
  • moving waves push sideways against contact points
  • generates rxn force with fwd component because lateral components cancel
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9
Q

What is concertina movement?

A
  • form of limbless locomotion
  • requires energy, used in narrow spaces
  • stationary coils wedge animal into place while free body parts move forward
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10
Q

What is sidewinding?

A
  • form of limbless locomotion
  • used on sandy soil
  • body in contact with 2-3 straight tracts at a time with different segments in succession
  • only segments between tracts are moving
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11
Q

What is rectilinear movement?

A
  • form of limbless locomotion
  • slow but discreet
  • requires specialized muscles progressively lifting and bringing ventral scutes fwd to peg to ground
  • body not in contact with ground is moved fwd within distensible skin
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12
Q

What are some features of crocs in the group archosaurs?

A
  • aquatic predators
  • sense organs on head, transparent eyelid
  • bony flaps in throat allows for eating and breathing simultaneously
  • thermoregulate by lying with mouth open
  • 4 chambered heart
  • nest temp determines offspring sex
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13
Q

What are some features of the pterosaurs within the archosaurs?

A
  • first vert group to evolve powered flight
  • membranous wings with elongated forelimb
  • some had long tails, while others lost tails and teeth
  • later evolved birds and bats
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14
Q

T or F: the two groups of dinosaurs, saurishia & ornithischia, are distinguished by the structure of their pelvic girdle

A

True

  • saurischia: girdle bones radiate outward from centre
  • ornithiscia: ischium and pubis parallel and project backwards
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15
Q

Ornithischians, including stegosaurs, triceratops, duck-bills, etc. are ____ (herbivorous/carnivorous)

A

all herbivorous

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16
Q

What are some adaptations of the big dinosaurs?

A
  • shortened pillar-like limbs for supporting weight
  • reduced/shortened wrists/fingers and ankles/toes
  • elongated necks, with lighter, longer, and more cervical vertebrae
17
Q

What are some of the hypotheses for the origin of flight?

A

Arboreal hyp: gliding between trees
Cursorial hyp: running start and lifted off ground for insect foraging
-new: used wings to scale inclined objects and trees

18
Q

What are some skeletal adaptations within the birds?

A
  • reduced # and thinner bones within skull-no teeth
  • flexible neck, compensate for loss of forelimbs
  • rigid backbone minimizes # of muscles for maintaining streamlined body
  • pelvic girdle fused with synsacrum
19
Q

Briefly explain the features of the integument in the reptiles

A
  • few glands, dry
  • glands produce poison, pheromones
  • epidermal keratinized scales and scutes
20
Q

Briefly explain the features of the integument of the birds

A
  • single gland: uropygial gland that produces oily secretion to coat feathers
  • have some epidermal derivatives: scales where feathers aren’t, claws, beaks, feathers

Zoology 2090 (17 decks)

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