Saunders Fundamentals Flashcards
a mineral element needed for the process of bone formation, coagulation of blood, excitation of cardiac and skeletal muscle, maintenance of muscle tone, conduction of neuromuscular impulses, and the synthesis and regulation of the endocrine and exocrine glands. The normal adult level is 8.6-10.0 mg/dL
calcium
concentrated in the bone, cartilage, and within the cell itself; required for the use of ATP as a source of energy. It is necessary for the action of numerous enzyme systems such as those involved in carb metabolism, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and contraction of muscular tissue. It also regulates neuromuscular activity and the clotting mechanism. The normal adult level is 1.6-2.6 mg/dL
magnesium
occurs from conditions such as kidney failure and DKA, from the production of lactic acid, and from the ingestion of toxins, such as aspirin
metabolic acidosis
occurs in conditions resulting in hypovolemia, the loss of gastric fluid, excessive bicarb intake, the massive transfusion of whole bloods, and hyperaldosteronism
metabolic alkalosis
a blood product used to increase the level of clotting factors in clients
fresh-frozen plasma
a blood product used to replace erythrocytes lost as a result of trauma or surgical interventions or in clients with bone marrow supporession
packed red blood cells
needed for generation of bony tissue. it functions in the metabolism of glucose and lipids, in the maintenance of acid-base balance, and in the storage and transfer of energy from one site in the body to another. The normal adult level is 2.7-4.5 mg/dL
phosphorus
a principle electrolyte of icf and the primary buffer within the cell itself. it is needed for nerve conduction, muscle function, acid-base balance, and osmotic pressure. Along with calcium and magnesium, controls the rate and force of contraction of the heart and thus cardiac output. The normal adult level is 3.5-5 mEq/L
potassium
caused by primary deficits in the lungs or by changes in normal respiratory patterns as a result of secondary problems. Any condition that causes an obstruction of the airway or depresses respiratory status
respiratory acidosis
respiratory system is overstimulated
respiratory alkalosis
the presence of infective agents or their toxins in the bloodstream. This is a serious condition and must be treated promptly, otherwise, the infection leads to circulatory collapse, profound shock, and death
septicemia
an abundant electrolyte that maintains osmotic pressure and acid-base balance and transmits nerve impulses. 135-145mEq/L
sodium
transfusion reaction caused by blood type or Rh incompatibility
hemolytic rxn
transfusion rxn occurs in clients who have antibodies directed against the transfused WBCs
febrile transfusion rxn
transfusion rxn occurs after transfusion of contaminated blood products
bacterial transfusion rxn
an excessive accumulation of fluid inthe interstitial space throughout the body and occurs as a result of conditions such as cardiac, liver, or renal failure
generalized edema or anasarca
osmolarity
270-300 mOsm/kg
prolonger ST segment
prolonged QT interval
hypocalcemia
shortened ST segment
widened T wave
hypercalcemia
ST depression
shallow, flat, or inverted T wave
Prominent U wave
hypokalemia
Tall peaked T waves
flat P waves
widened QRS complex
Prolonged PR interval
hyperkalemia
tall T waves
depressed ST segment
hypomagnesemia
prolonged PR interval
Widened QRS complex
hypermagnesemia
Never give potassium IVP, IM, or SC
a dilution of no more than 1 mEq//10mL of solution is recommended
rotate and invert IV bag containing potassium prior to hanging
Max infusion rate is 5-10mEq/hour, never to exceed 20mEq/hr under any circumstances
a client receiving more than 10mEq/hour should be placed on a cardiac monitor and monitored for cardiac changes, and the infusion should be controlled by an infusion device
potassium infusion may cause phlebitis or infiltration-stop immediately
assess renal fxn first and monitor I&O during
precautions with IV administered potassium
what is the antidote for magnesium od?
calcium gluconate
what do you need to give with phosphorus po?
vit D
